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1: Lectures

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    408511

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    Introduction to Solid State Chemistry is a first-year single-semester college course on the principles of chemistry. This unique and popular course satisfies MIT’s general chemistry degree requirement, with an emphasis on solid-state materials and their application to engineering systems.

    • 1.1: Atomic and Electronic Structure
      This page covers the structure and behavior of atoms, detailing atomic components (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons) and key concepts like atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes, and mass defect. It discusses electronic transitions, quantum numbers, and principles governing electron configurations, including the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund's Rule.
    • 1.2: Chemical Bonding
      This page covers the fundamentals of chemical bonding, distinguishing between ionic and covalent bonds, and their energy dynamics in solid and liquid phases. It explains the formation of ionic bonds using sodium chloride as an example, while addressing lattice energy and the nature of covalent bonds, including hybridization and polarity.
    • 1.3: Bonding in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators – Band Structure
      This page covers the properties and structures of metals, insulators, and semiconductors, detailing metallic conductivity through concepts like the free electron model and band theory. It contrasts the conduction mechanisms of metals, insulators, and semiconductors, highlighting how electron band structures influence conductivity.
    • 1.4: The Nature of Crystalline Solids
      This page explores crystal structures, starting with the smallest repeating units, known as unit cells, and their role in solid formation. It categorizes solids into ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der Waals types, emphasizing ordered atom arrangements described through space lattices. The page contrasts primitive and close-packed structures, exemplifying HCP and FCC arrangements.
    • 1.5: X-rays and X-ray Diffraction
      This page covers the history and development of X-ray science, beginning with Röntgen's discovery in 1895 and subsequent advancements by Laue, Kossel, and Moseley. It explains the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including bremsstrahlung radiation and electronic transitions, and highlights diffraction techniques for crystal analysis using Bragg's law. The text details indexing for cubic crystal systems, explaining the relationships between diffraction angles, Miller indices, and lattice constants.
    • 1.6: The Imperfect Solid State
      This page covers the significance of defects in crystal structures and their impact on material properties. It categorizes defects into point, line, planar, and volume types, detailing their roles in conductivity, mechanical strength, and technological applications. Point defects influence diffusion and charge neutrality in ionic materials, while line defects like dislocations affect plastic deformation.
    • 1.7: Glasses
      This page explores the transformation of liquids into glass rather than crystalline solids through cooling, influenced by viscosity and molecular structure. It addresses the glass transition temperature (\(T_g\)), the characteristics and production of metallic glasses, and strengthening techniques such as ion exchange that enhance durability.
    • 1.8: Theory of Reaction Rates
      This page covers essential concepts in chemical reaction kinetics, including factors influencing reaction rates such as concentration, temperature, and activation energy. Key topics include the derivation of rate laws, the independence of half-life in first-order reactions, and the Arrhenius theory linking reaction rates to temperature and activation energy.
    • 1.9: Diffusion
      This page covers the process of diffusion, emphasizing the movement of particles from high to low concentration across different states of matter, guided by Fick's laws. It explains Fick's First and Second Laws, detailing their mathematical formulations and the differences in diffusion behavior.
    • 1.10: Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams
      This page covers phase diagrams, critical for understanding material behaviors across states influenced by temperature, pressure, and composition. It details thermodynamic principles governing phase changes, such as latent heats, Gibbs free energy, and entropy. It explains binary phase diagrams, emphasizing equilibrium phases, phase boundaries, and solubility limits, including isomorphous systems.

    This page titled 1: Lectures is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Donald Sadoway (MIT OpenCourseWare) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.