Inorganic Chemistry
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- Supplemental Modules (Inorganic Chemistry)
- Chemical Compounds
- Molecular Geometry
- Bent Molecular Geometry
- Limitations of VSEPR
- Linear Molecular Geometry
- Molecular Geometry Overview
- Octahedral
- Shapes of Molecules and Ions
- Square Planar
- Square Pyramidal
- T-shaped
- Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry
- Trigonal Bipyramidal Molecular Geometry
- Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry
- Trigonal Pyramidal Molecular Geometry
- VSEPR
- Chemical Reactions
- Descriptive Chemistry
- Elements Organized by Block
- s-Block Elements
- Group 1: Hydrogen and the Alkali Metals
- Group 2 Elements: The Alkaline Earth Metals
- p-Block Elements
- Group 13: The Boron Family
- Group 14: The Carbon Family
- Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
- Group 16: The Oxygen Family (The Chalcogens)
- Group 17: The Halogens
- Group 18: The Noble Gases
- d-Block Elements
- Properties of Transition Metals
- Group 3: Transition Metals
- Group 4: Transition Metals
- Group 5: Transition Metals
- Group 6: Transition Metals
- Group 7: Transition Metals
- Group 8: Transition Metals
- Group 9: Transition Metals
- Group 10: Transition Metals
- Group 11: Transition Metals
- Group 12: Transition Metals
- f-Block Elements
- The Lanthanides
- Lanthanides: Properties and Reactions
- Chemistry of Cerium
- Chemistry of Dysprosium
- Chemistry of Europium
- Chemistry of Gadolinium
- Chemistry of Holmium
- Chemistry of Lutetium
- Chemistry of Neodymium
- Chemistry of Praseodymium
- Chemistry of Promethium
- Chemistry of Samarium
- Chemistry of Terbium
- Chemistry of Thulium
- Chemistry of Ytterbium
- Chemistry of Yttrium
- The Actinides
- General Properties and Reactions of The Actinides
- Chemistry of Americium
- Chemistry of Berkelium
- Chemistry of Californium
- Chemistry of Curium
- Chemistry of Einsteinium
- Chemistry of Fermium
- Chemistry of Lawrencium
- Chemistry of Mendelevium
- Chemistry of Neptunium
- Chemistry of Nobelium
- Chemistry of Plutonium
- Chemistry of Protoactinium
- Chemistry of Thorium
- Chemistry of Uranium
- The Lanthanides
- s-Block Elements
- Elements Organized by Group
- Group 1: Hydrogen and the Alkali Metals
- Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group 3: Transition Metals
- Group 4: Transition Metals
- Group 5: Transition Metals
- Group 6: Transition Metals
- Group 7: Transition Metals
- Group 8: Transition Metals
- Group 9: Transition Metals
- Group 10: Transition Metals
- Group 11: Transition Metals
- Group 12: Transition Metals
- Group 13: The Boron Family
- Group 14: The Carbon Family
- Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
- Group 16: The Oxygen Family
- Group 17: The Halogens
- Group 18: The Noble Gases
- The Lanthanides
- The Actinides
- Elements Organized by Period
- Periodic Trends of Elemental Properties
- Main Group Reactions
- Case Study: Hard Water
- Compounds
- Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Carbonates
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Halogens
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Hydrogen
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Nitrogen
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Oxygen
- Reactions of Main Group Elements with Water
- The s-Block Elements in Biology
- Elements Organized by Block
- Organometallic Chemistry
- Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry
- Fundamentals of Organometallic Chemistry
- Associative Ligand Substitution
- Dissociative Ligand Substitution Reactions
- Ligand substitution
- Migratory Insertion:1,2-Insertions
- Migratory Insertion: Introduction and CO Insertions
- Oxidative Addition: General Ideas
- Oxidative Addition of Non-polar Reagents
- Oxidative Addition of Polar Reagents
- Quirky Ligand Substitutions
- Reductive Elimination: General Ideas
- The trans/cis Effects and Influences
- β-Elimination Reactions
- Organometallic Ligands
- Structural Fundamentals
- Ligand Field Theory & Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory
- Open Coordination Site
- Periodic Trends of the Transition Metals
- Predicting the Geometry of Organometallic Complexes
- Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 1)
- Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 2)
- Simplifying the Organometallic Complex (Part 3)
- Part III: Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry 1
- Ligand Binding in Coordination Complexes
- CC1. Intro to Metal-Ligand Binding
- CC10. Ligand Field and Lability
- CC11. Solutions to Problems, CC1-CC4
- CC12. Solution to Problems, CC5-CC10
- CC2. How Tightly Do Ligands Bind?
- CC3. Electron Counting in Metal Complexes
- CC4. Pi Coordination: Alkene Donation
- CC5. Chelation
- CC6. Multiple Bonds in Compounds
- CC7. Hard-Soft Acid
- CC7. Hard-Soft Acid and Base Concepts
- CC8. Ligand Field Theory
- Spectrochemical Series
- Coordination Chemistry
- Nomenclature of Coordination Complexes
- Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Intro to Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Numbers and Geometry
- Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
- Isomers
- Optical Isomers in Inorganic Complexes
- Stereoisomers: Geometric Isomers in cis-platin
- Stereoisomers: Geometric Isomers in Transition Metal Complexes
- Stereoisomers: Geometric Isomers in Transition Metal Complexes II
- Stereoisomers of Complex Metal Complexes
- Structural Isomers: Coordination Isomerism in Transition Metal Complexes
- Structural Isomers: Ionization Isomerism in Transition Metal Complexes
- Structural Isomers: Linkage Isomerism in Transition Metal Complexes
- Ligands
- What is a Complex Ion?
- Complex Ion Chemistry
- Acidity of the Hexaaqua Ions
- Geometry of Complex Ions
- Ligand Exchange Reactions (Introduction)
- Ligand Exchange Reactions (Thermodynamics)
- Nomenclature of Complex Ions
- Origin of Color in Complex Ions
- Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Ammonia
- Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Carbonate Ions
- Reactions of the Hexaaqua Ions with Hydroxide Ions
- Stereoisomerism in complex ions
- Complex Ion Equilibria
- Crystal Field Theory
- Colors of Coordination Complexes
- Crystal Field Stabilization Energy
- Crystal Field Theory
- High Spin and Low Spin Complexes
- Introduction to Crystal Field Theory
- Magnetic Moments of Transition Metals
- Magnetism
- Metals, Tetrahedral and Octahedral
- Non-octahedral Complexes
- Octahedral vs. Tetrahedral Geometries
- Orgel Diagrams
- Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams
- Thermodynamics and Structural Consequences of d-Orbital Splitting
- Ligand Field Theory
- Macromolecules
- Catalysis
- Crystal Lattices
- Crystallography
- Fundamental Crystallography
- Abelian group
- Absolute structure
- Affine Isomorphism
- Affine mapping
- Aperiodic crystal
- Aristotype
- Arithmetic crystal class
- Asymmetric unit
- Automorphism
- Binary operation
- Bragg's Law
- Bravais-Miller indices
- Bravais class
- Bravais flock
- Bravais lattice
- Brillouin zones
- Cartesian product
- Center
- Centered lattices
- Centralizer
- Complex
- Conjugacy class
- Conventional cell
- Coset
- Crystal
- Crystallographic basis
- Crystallographic orbit
- Crystallographic symmetry
- Crystal family
- Crystal pattern
- Crystal system
- Direct Lattice
- Direct product
- Direct space
- Displacive modulation
- Domain of influence
- Double coset
- Dual basis
- D centered cell
- Eigensymmetry
- Euclidean mapping
- Factor group
- Family structure
- Fixed-point-free space groups
- Flack parameter
- Form
- Friedel's law
- Geometric crystal class
- Geometric element
- Group
- Groupoid
- Group homomorphism
- Group isomorphism
- Hemihedry
- Holohedry
- H centered cell
- Image
- Incommensurate composite crystal
- Incommensurate magnetic structure
- Incommensurate modulated structure
- Lattice
- Lattice complex
- Lattice system
- Laue classes
- Limiting complex
- Local symmetry
- Mapping
- Merohedral
- Merohedry
- Mesh
- Miller Indices
- Modulated crystal structure
- Normalizer
- Normal subgroup
- OD structure
- Ogdohedry
- Order
- Partial symmetry
- Patterson methods
- Patterson vector
- Point configuration
- Point group
- Point space
- Point symmetry
- Polytypism
- Primitive basis
- Primitive cell
- Priority rule
- Pseudo symmetry
- Reciprocal lattice
- Reciprocal space
- Semidirect product
- Site symmetry
- Space group
- Stabilizer
- Statistical descriptors
- Subcell
- Subgroup
- Sublattice
- Subperiodic group
- Supercell
- Supergroup
- Superlattice
- Symmetry element
- Symmetry operation
- Symmorphic space groups
- Tetartohedry
- Unit cell
- Vector module
- Vector space
- Voronoi domain
- Weissenberg complex
- Wigner-Seitz cell
- Wyckoff position
- Wyckoff set
- Crystal Chemistry
- Biological Crystallography
- History of crystallography
- Morphological crystallography
- Physical Properties of Crystals
- Powder Diffraction
- Structure Determination
- Twinning
- Allotwin
- Corresponding Twins
- Hybrid twin
- Inversion twin
- Mallard's Law
- Reflection twin
- Rotation Twin
- Selective merohedry
- TLQS twinning
- TLS twinning
- Twinning
- Twinning(effects of)
- Twinning (consequences of)
- Twinning (endemic conditions of)
- Twinning by inversion
- Twinning by merohedry
- Twinning by metric merohedry
- Twinning by psuedomerohedry
- Twinning by reticular merohedry
- Twinning by reticular polyholohedry
- Twinning by reticular pseudomerohedry
- Twin element
- Twin index
- Twin lattice
- Twin law
- Twin obliquity
- Twin operation
- X-rays
- Absorption edge
- Anomalous absorption
- Anomalous dispersion
- Anomalous scattering
- Borrmann Effect
- Bragg's law
- Bragg angle
- Cromer–Mann coefficients
- Dynamical diffraction
- Dynamical theory of Scattering
- Electron density map
- Ewald sphere
- F(000)
- Friedel's Law
- Friedel pair
- Integral reflection conditions
- Kinematical theory
- Laue equations
- Lorentz–polarization correction
- Mosaic crystal
- Primary extinction
- Reflection conditions
- Resolution
- Resonant scattering
- Secondary extinction
- Serial reflection conditions
- Structure Factor
- Systematic absences
- Zonal reflection conditions
- Fundamental Crystallography
- Book: Bioinorganic Chemistry (Bertini et al.)
- 1: Transition-Metal Storage, Transport, and Biomineralization
- 2: The Reaction Pathways of Zinc Enzymes and Related Biological Catalysts
- About Carbonic Anhydrase
- Acid-base Equilibria
- Catalytic Mechanism
- Coordinated Water and NMR
- Coordination Geometries
- Ester Hydrolysis and Phosphoryl Transfer
- Group Transfer and Vitamin B-12
- Metal Substitution
- Model Chemistry
- Nucleophilic Addition of \(OH^{-}\) and \(H^{-}\)
- Peptide Hydrolysis
- pH Dependence of Inhibitor Binding
- Selecting Zinc
- Steady-State and Equilibrium Kinetics of Carbonic Anhydrase-Catalyzed \(CO_{2}/HCO_{3}^{-}\) Interconversion
- Strategies for the Investigation of Zinc Enzymes
- The Natural Catalysts
- What Do We Learn?
- 3: Calcium in Biological Systems
- Basic Facts About Calcium: Its Compounds and Reactions
- Calcium in Mineralized Tissues
- Calmodulin
- Extracellular Calcium Ion-binding Proteins
- Inositol Trisphosphate and the Calcium Ion Messenger System
- Intracellular Calcium Ion Transport
- Measurements of "Free" Calcium Concentrations
- Measurements of Total Calcium Concentrations
- Mitochondrial Calcium Ion Transport
- Molecular Aspects of Calcium Ion-Regulated Intracellular Processes (Part 1)
- Molecular Aspects of Calcium Ion-regulated Intracellular Processes (Part 2)
- Paravalbumin and Calbindins \(D_{9K}\) and \(D_{28K}\)
- The Transport and Regulation of \(Ca^{2+}\) Ions in Higher Organisms
- Troponin C
- \(Ca^{2+}\)-binding Proteins in Microorganisms: The Search for a Prokaryotic Calmodulin
- 4: Biological and Synthetic Dioxygen Carriers
- Biological Dioxygen Transport Systems
- Biological Oxygen Carriers
- Ch. 4 References and Abbreviations
- Detailed Structures of Hemoglobins and Model Systems
- Dioxygen Carriers and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- General Aspects of the Chemistry of Cobalt
- General Aspects of the Chemistry of Copper
- General Aspects of the Chemistry of Dioxygen
- General Aspects of the Chemistry of Iron
- General Structural Features that Modulate Ligand Activity
- Hazards of Life with Dioxygen
- Nature of the Metal-Dioxygen Linkage in Biological Systems
- Other Ligands for Biological Oxygen Carriers
- Requirements for a Model System for Hemoglobin
- Requirements for Effective Oxygen Carriers
- Role of the Protein in Effecting Biological Oxygen Transport
- Selected Chemistry of Dioxygen, Iron, Copper, and Cobalt
- Stereochemical Changes Upon Ligation
- Structural Basis of Ligand Affinities of Oxygen Carriers
- Structures Relevant to Liganded Hemoglobins
- Thermodynamic Factors
- 5: Dioxygen Reactions
- 6: Electron Transfer
- 7: Ferrodoxins, Hydrogenases, and Nitrogenases - Metal-Sulfide Proteins
- Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models
- Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 2)
- Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 3)
- Iron-sulfur Proteins and Models (Part 4)
- Multisite Redox Enzymes
- Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 2)
- Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 3)
- Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 4)
- Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 5)
- Multisite Redox Enzymes (Part 6)
- Report on the Nitrogenase Crystal Structure\(\;^{378-381}\)
- Rubredoxin: A Single-Fe Tetrathiolate Protein
- 8: Metal/Nucleic Acid Interactions
- 9: Metals in Medicine
- 3. Aspects of Platinum Binding to DNA
- 5. Structure of Platinum-DNA Complexes
- 8. Site-specifically Platinated DNA \(\;^{154}\)
- Bioinorganic Chemistry of Platinum Anticancer Drugs: How Might They Work?
- Bioinorganic Chemistry of Platinum Anticancer Drugs; How Might They Work? (Part 2)
- Design of New Inorganic Anticancer Drugs
- 4. Mapping the Major Adducts of cis- and trans-DDP on DNA; Sequence Specificity
- Metal Deficiency and Disease\(\;^{1}\)
- Platinum Anticancer Drugs: A Case Study
- Survey of Metals Used for Diagnosis and Chemotherapy
- Toxic Effects of Metals
- Color Plate Section
- Book: Inorganic Chemistry (Wikibook)
- Chapter 1: Review of Chemical Bonding
- Chapter 2: Molecular Orbital Theory
- 2.1: Constructing molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals
- 2.2: Orbital symmetry
- 2.3: \(\sigma\), \(\pi\), and \(\delta\) orbitals
- 2.4: Diatomic molecules
- 2.5: Orbital filling
- 2.6: Periodic trends in \(\pi\) bonding
- 2.7: Three-center bonding
- 2.8: Building up the MOs of more complex molecules: \(NH_3\), \(P_4\)
- 2.9: Homology of \(\sigma\) and \(\pi\) orbitals in MO diagrams
- 2.10: Chains and rings of \(\pi\)-conjugated systems
- Chapter 3: Acid-Base Chemistry
- Chapter 4: Redox Stability and Redox Reactions
- Chapter 5: Coordination Chemistry and Crystal Field Theory
- 5.1: Counting electrons in transition metal complexes
- 5.2: Crystal field theory
- 5.3: Spectrochemical series
- 5.4: \(\pi\)-bonding between metals and ligands
- 5.5: Crystal field stabilization energy, pairing, and Hund's rule
- 5.6: Non-octahedral complexes
- 5.7: Jahn-Teller effect
- 5.8: Tetrahedral complexes
- 5.9: Stability of transition metal complexes
- 5.10: Chelate and macrocyclic effects
- 5.11: Ligand substitution reactions
- Chapter 6: Metals and Alloys - Structure, Bonding, Electronic and Magnetic Properties
- 7: Metals and Alloys - Mechanical Properties
- Chapter 8: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures
- Chapter 9: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Energetics
- 9.1: Ionic radii and radius ratios
- 9.2: Structure maps
- 9.3: Energetics of crystalline solids: the ionic model
- 9.4: Born-Haber cycles for NaCl and silver halides
- 9.5: Kapustinskii equation
- 9.6: Discovery of Noble Gas Compounds
- 9.7: Stabilization of High and Low Oxidation States
- 9.8: Alkalides and Electrides
- 9.9: Resonance energy of metals
- 9.10: Lattice energies and solubility
- Chapter 10: Electronic Properties of Materials: Superconductors and Semiconductors
- Chapter 11: Basic Science of Nanomaterials
- Chapter 12: Applications of Nanomaterials
- 12.1: Nanotechnology is everywhere
- 12.2: Toxicity and public concerns about nanomaterials
- 12.3: Optical properties of metal nanoparticles
- 12.4: Medical diagnostics and therapy with metal nanoparticles
- 12.5: Nanomotors
- 12.6: Nanoscience in energy: the basics of energy generation and use
- 12.7: Lithium batteries
- 12.8: Solar energy conversion
- 12.9: Nanomaterials in solar cells
- Map: Inorganic Chemistry (Housecroft)
- 1: Basic Concepts: Atoms
- 1.1: Introduction
- 1.2: Fundamental Particles of an Atom
- 1.3: Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes
- 1.4: Successes in Early Quantum Theory
- 1.5: An Introduction to Wave Mechanics
- 1.6: Atomic Orbitals
- 1.6A: Electronic Quantum Numbers
- 1.6B: The Radial Part of the Wave Function
- 1.6C: The Radial Distribution Function
- 1.6D: The Angular Part of the Wave Function
- 1.6E: Orbital Energies in a Hydrogen-like Species
- 1.6F: Size of Orbitals
- 1.6G: The Spin and Magnetic Spin Quantum Number's
- 1.6H: The ground state of Hydrogen
- 1.7: Many Electron Atoms
- 1.8: The Periodic Table
- 1.9: The Aufbau Principle
- 1.10: Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
- 2: Basic Concepts: Molecules
- 2.1: Bonding Models - An Introduction
- 2.2: Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules - Valence Bond Theory
- 2.3: Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules - Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
- 2.4: The Octet Rule and Isoelectronic Species
- 2.5: Electronegativity Values
- 2.6: Dipole Moments
- 2.7: MO Theory - Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
- 2.8: Molecular Shape and the VSEPR Model
- 2.9: Molecular Shape - Stereoisomerism
- 3: Introduction to Molecular Symmetry
- 4: Experimental Techniques
- 4.1: Introduction
- 4.2: Separation and Purification Techniques
- 4.3: Elemental Analysis
- 4.4: Computational Analysis - Thermogravimetry (TG)
- 4.5: Mass Spectrometry
- 4.6: Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies
- 4.7: Electronic Spectroscopy
- 4.8: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- 4.8A: NMR Active Nuclei and Isotope Abundance
- 4.8B: Which Nuclei are Suitable for NMR Spectroscopic Studies
- 4.8C: Resonance Frequencies and Chemical Shifts
- 4.8D: Chemical Shift Ranges
- 4.8E: Solvents for Solution Studies
- 4.8F: Integration of Signals and Signal Broadening
- 4.8G: Homonuclear spin-spin coupling - \(^1H-^1H\)
- 4.8H: Heteronuclear spin-spin coupling - \(^{13}C-^1H\)
- 4.8I: Case Studies
- 4.8J: Stereochemically Non-Rigid Species
- 4.8K: Exchange Processes in Solution
- 4.9: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
- 4.10: Mossbauer Spectroscopy
- 4.11: Structure Determination - Diffraction Methods
- 4.12: Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES, UPS, XPS, ESCA)
- 4.13: Computational Methods
- 4.14: Magnetism
- 5: Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules
- 5.1: Introduction
- 5.2: Valence Bond Theory - Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
- 5.3: Valence Bond Theory - Multiple Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules
- 5.4: MO Theory - The Ligand Group Orbital (LGO) Approach and Application to Triatomic Molecules
- 5.5: MO Theory Applied to Polyatomic Molecules \(BH_3\), \(NH_3\), and \(CH_4\)
- 5.6: MO Theory - Bonding Analyses Soon Become Complicated
- 5.7: MO Theory - Learning to Use the Theory Objectively
- 6: Structures and Energetics of Metallic and Ionic solids
- 6.1: Introduction
- 6.2: Packing of Spheres
- 6.3: The Packing of Spheres Model Applied to the Structures of Elements
- 6.4: Polymorphism in Metals
- 6.5: Metallic Radii
- 6.6: Melting Points and Standard Enthalpies of Atomization of Metals
- 6.7: Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
- 6.8: Bonding in Metals and Semicondoctors
- 6.9: Semiconductors
- 6.10: Size of Ions
- 6.11: Ionic Lattices
- 6.11A: Structure - Rock Salt (\(NaCl\))
- 6.11B: Structure - Caesium Chloride (\(CsCl\))
- 6.11C: Structure - Fluorite (\(CaF2\))
- 6.11D: Structure - Antifluorite (\(M_2 X\))
- 6.11E: Structure - Zinc Blende (ZnS)
- 6.11F: Structure - \(\beta\)-Cristobalite \(SiO_2\)
- 6.11H: Structure - Rutile (\(TiO_2\))
- 6.11I: Structure - Layers (\(CdI_2\) and \(CdCl_2\))
- 6.11J: Structure - Perovskite (\(CaTiO_3\))
- 6.12: Crystal Structure of Semiconductors
- 6.13: Lattice Energy - Estimates from an Electrostatic Model
- 6.14: Lattice Energy - The Born-Haber Cycle
- 6.15: Lattice Energy - Calculated vs. Experimental Values
- 6.16: Application of Lattice Energies
- 6.17: Defects in Solid State Lattices
- 7: Acids, bases and ions in aqueous solution
- 7.1: Introduction
- 7.2: Properties of Water
- 7.3: Definitions and Units in Aqueous Solution
- 7.4: Some Bronstead Acids and Bases
- 7.5: The Energetics of Acid Dissociation in Aqueous Solution
- 7.6: Trends within a Series of Oxoacids \(EO_n(OH)_m\)
- 7.7: Aquated Cations - Formation and Acidic Properties
- 7.8: Amphoteric Oxides and Hydroxides
- 7.9: Solubilities of Ionic Salts
- 7.10: Common-Ion Effect
- 7.11: Coordination Complexes - An Introduction
- 7.12: Stability Constants of Coordination Complexes
- 7.13: Factors Affecting the Stabilities of Complexes Containing Only Monodentate Ligands
- 8: Reduction and Oxidation
- 8.1: Introduction
- 8.2: Standard Reduction Potentials, E°, and the Relationship Between E°, ΔG°, and K
- 8.3: The Effect of Complex Formation or Precipitation on Reduction Potentials
- 8.4: Disproportionation Reactions
- 8.5: Potential Diagrams
- 8.6: Frost-Ebsworth Diagrams
- 8.7: The Relationships Between Standard Reduction Potentials and Some Other Quantities
- 8.8: Applications of Redox Reactions to the Extraction of Elements from their Ores
- 9: Non-aqueous Media
- 9.1: Introduction to Non-aqueous Media
- 9.2: Relative Permittivity
- 9.3: Energetics of Ionic Salt Transfer from Water to an Organic Solvent
- 9.4: Acid-Base Behaviour in Non-Aqueous Solvents
- 9.5: Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
- 9.6: Liquid Ammonia
- 9.7: Liquid Hydrogen Fluoride
- 9.8: Sulfuric Acid and Fluorosulfonic Acid
- 9.9: Superacids
- 9.10: Bromine Trifluoride
- 9.11: Dinitrogen Tetraoxide
- 9.12: Ionic Liquids
- 9.13: Supercritical Fluids
- 10: Hydrogen
- 11: Group 1 - Alkali Metals
- 12: Goup 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
- 12.1: Introduction
- 12.2: Occurence, Extraction, and Uses
- 12.3: Physical Properties
- 12.4: The Metals
- 12.5: Halides
- 12.6: Oxides and Hydroxides
- 12.7: Salts of Oxoacids
- 12.8: Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution
- 12.9: Complexes with Amido or Alkoxy Ligands
- 12.10: Diagonal Relationships between Li and Mg, and between Be and Al
- 13: The Group 13 Elements
- 13.1: Introduction to Group 13 Elements
- 13.2: Occurence, Extraction, and Uses
- 13.3: Physical Properties
- 13.4: The Elements
- 13.5: Simple Hydrides
- 13.6: Halides and Complex Halides
- 13.7: Oxides, Oxoacids, Oxoanions, and Hydroxides
- 13.8: Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- 13.9: Aluminium to Thallium - Salts of Oxoacids, Aqueous Solution Chemistry, and Complexes
- 13.10: Metal Borides
- 13.11: Electron-Deficient Borane and Carbaborane Clusters - An Introduction
- 14: The Group 14 Elements
- 14.1: Introduction
- 14.2: Occurence, Extraction, and Uses
- 14.3: Physical Properties
- 14.4: Allotropes of Carbon
- 14.5: Structural and Chemical Properties of Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead
- 14.6: Hydrides
- 14.7: Carbides, Silicides, Germides, Stannides, and Plumbides
- 14.8: Halides and Complex Halides
- 14.9: Oxides, Oxoacids, and Hydroxides
- 14.10: Siloxanes and Polysiloxanes (Silicones)
- 14.11: Sulfides
- 14.12: Cyanogen, Silicon Nitride, and Tin Nitride
- 14.13: Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Salts of Oxoacids of Germanium, Tin, and Lead
- 15: The Group 15 Elements
- 15.1: Introduction
- 15.2: Occurence, Extraction, and Uses
- 15.3: Physical Properties
- 15.4: The Elements
- 15.5: Hydrides
- 15.6: Nitrides, Phosphides, Arsenides, Antimonides, and Bismuthides
- 15.7: Halides, Oxohalides, and Complex Halides
- 15.8: Oxides of Nitrogen
- 15.9: Oxoacids of Nitrogen
- 15.10: Oxides of Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth
- 15.11: Oxoacids of Phosphorous
- 15.12: Oxoacids of Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth
- 15.13: Phosphazenes
- 15.14: Sulfides and Selenides
- 15.15: Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Complexes
- 16: The Group 16 Elements
- 16.1: Introduction
- 16.2: Occurrence, Extraction, and Uses
- 16.3: Physical Properties and Bonding Considerations
- 16.4: The Elements
- 16.5: Hydrides
- 16.6: Metal Sulfides, Polysulfides, Polyselenides, and Polytellurides
- 16.7: Halides, Oxohalides, and Complex Halides
- 16.8: Oxides
- 16.9: Oxoacids and their Salts
- 16.9A: Dithionous Acid, \(H_2S_2O_4\)
- 16.9B: Sulfurous and Disulfurous Acids, \(H_2SO_3\) and \(H_2S_2O_5\)
- 16.9C: Dithionic Acid, \(H_2S_2O_6\)
- 16.9D: Sulfuric Acid, \(H_2SO_4\)
- 16.9E: Fluoro- and Chlorosulfonic Acids, \(HSO_3F\) and \(HSO_3Cl\)
- 16.9F: Polyoxoacids with S-O-S Units
- 16.9G: Peroxysulfuric Acids, \(H_2S_2O_8\) and \(H_2SO_5\)
- 16.9H: Thiosulfuric Acid, \(H_2S_2O_3\) , and Polythionates
- 16.9I: Oxoacids of Selenium and Tellurium
- 16.10: Compounds of Sulfur and Selenium with Nitrogen
- 16.11: Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
- 17: The Group 17 Elements
- 17.1: Introduction
- 17.2: Occurrence, Extraction, and Uses
- 17.3: Physical Properties and Bonding Considerations
- 17.4: The Elements
- 17.5: Hydrogen Halides
- 17.6: Metal Halides - Structures and Energetics
- 17.7: Interhalogen Compounds and Polyhalogen Ions
- 17.8: Oxides and Oxofluorides of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine
- 17.9: Oxoacids and their Salts
- 17.10: Aqueous Solution Chemistry
- 18: The Group 18 Elements
- 19: d-Block Metal Chemistry - General Considerations
- 19.1: Topic Overview
- 19.2: Ground State Electronic Configurations
- 19.3: Physical Properties
- 19.4: The Reactivity of the Metals
- 19.5: Characteristic Properties - A General Perspective
- 19.6: Electroneutrality Principle
- 19.7: Coordination Numbers and Geometries
- 19.7A: The Kepert Model
- 19.7B: Coordination Numbers in the Solid State
- 19.7C: Coordination Number 2
- 19.7D: Coordination Number 3
- 19.7E: Coordination Number 4
- 19.7F: Coordination Number 5
- 19.7G: Coordination Number 6
- 19.7H: Coordination Number 7
- 19.7I: Coordination Number 8
- 19.7J: Coordination Number 9
- 19.7K: Coordination Numbers of 10 and Above
- 19.8: Isomerism in d-block Metal Complexes
- 20: d-Block Metal Chemistry - Coordination Complexes
- 20.1: Introduction
- 20.2: Bonding in d-block Metal Complexes - Valence Bond Theory
- 20.3: Crystal Field Theory
- 20.4: Molecular Orbital Theory - Octahedral Complexes
- 20.5: Ligand Field Theory
- 20.6: Decribing Electrons in Multi-Electron Systems
- 20.7: Electronic Spectra - Absorption
- 20.7A: Spectral Features
- 20.7B: Charge Transfer Absorptions
- 20.7C: Selection Rules
- 20.7D: Electronic Absorption Spectra of Octahedral and Tetrahedral Complexes
- 20.7E: Interpretation of Electronic Absorption Spectra - Use of Racah Parameters
- 20.7F: Interpretation of Electronic Absorption Spectra - Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams
- 20.7G: Help on using Tanabe-Sugano diagrams
- 20.8: Electronic Spectra - Emission
- 20.9: Evidence for Metal-Ligand Covalent Bonding
- 20.10: Magnetic Properties
- 20.11: Thermodynamic Aspects - Ligand Field Stabilization Energies (LFSE)
- 20.12: Thermodynamic Aspects - The Irving-Williams Series
- 20.13: Thermodynamic Aspects - Oxidation States in Aqueous Solutions
- 21: d-Block Metal Chemistry - The First Row Metals
- 21.1: Introduction
- 21.2: Occurrence, Extraction, and Uses
- 21.3: Physical Properties - An Overview
- 21.4: Group 3 - Scandium
- 21.5: Group 4 - Titanium
- 21.6: Group 5 - Vanadium
- 21.7: Group 6 - Chromium
- 21.8: Group 7 - Manganese
- 21.9: Group 8 - Iron
- 21.10: Group 9 - Cobalt
- 21.11: Group 10 - Nickel
- 21.12: Group 11 - Copper
- 21.13: Group 12 - Zinc
- 22: d-Block Metal Chemistry - The Heavier Metals
- 22.1: Introduction to d-Block Metal Chemistry
- 22.2: Occurrence, Extraction, and Uses
- 22.3: Physical Properties
- 22.4: Group 3 - Yttrium
- 22.5: Group 4 - Zirconium and Hafnium
- 22.6: Group 5 - Niobium and Tantalum
- 22.7: Group 6 - Molybdenum and Tungsten
- 22.8: Group 7 - Technetium and Rhenium
- 22.9: Group 8 - Ruthenium and Osmium
- 22.10: Group 9 - Rhodium and Iridium
- 22.11: Group 10 - Palladium and Platinum
- 22.12: Group 11 - Silver and Gold
- 22.13: Group 12 - Cadmium and Mercury
- 23: Organometallic chemistry: s-Block and p-Block Elements
- 24: Organometallic chemistry: d-block elements
- 24.1: Introduction
- 24.2: Common Types of Ligand - Bonding and Spectroscopy
- 24.3: The 18-electron Rule
- 24.4: Metal Carbonyls - Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Structure
- 24.5: The Isolobal Principle and Application of Wade's Rules
- 24.6: Total Valence Electron Counts in d-block Organometallic Clusters
- 24.7: Types of Organometallic Reactions
- 24.8: Metal Carbonyls - Selected Reactions
- 24.9: Metal Carbonyl Hydrides and Halides
- 24.10: Alkyl, Aryl, Alkene, and Alkyne Complexes
- 24.11: Allyl and Buta-1,3-diene Complexes
- 24.12: Carbene and Carbyne Complexes
- 24.13: Complexes Containing \(\eta^5\)-cyclopentadienyl Ligands
- 24.14: Complexes Containing \(\eta^6\)- and \(\eta^7\)-ligands
- 24.15: Complexes Containing the \(\eta^4\)-cyclobutadiene Ligand
- 24.16: Transition Metal Complexes
- 25: Catalysis and some industrial processes
- 25.1: Introduction and Definitions
- 25.2: Catalysis - Introductory Concepts
- 25.3: Homogeneous Catalysis - Alkene (Olefin) and Alkyne Metathesis
- 25.4: Homogeneous Catalytic Reduction of \(N_2\) to \(NH_3\)
- 25.5: Homogeneous Catalysis - Industrial Applications
- 25.6: Homogeneous Catalyst Development
- 25.7: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Surfaces and Interactions with Adsorbates
- 25.8: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Commercial Applications
- 25.9: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Organometallic Cluster Models
- 26: d-Block Metal Complexes: Reaction Mechanisms
- 27: f-Block Metals: Lanthanides and Actinides
- 27.1: Introduction
- 27.2: f-Orbitals and Oxidation States
- 27.3: Atoms and Ion Sizes
- 27.4: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties
- 27.5: Sources of the Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- 27.6: Lanthanoid Metals
- 27.7: Inorganic Compounds and Coordination Complexes of the Lanthanoids
- 27.8: Organometallic Complexes of the Lanthanoids
- 27.9: The Actinoid Metals
- 27.10: Inorganic Compounds and Coordination Complexes of Thorium, Uranium, and Plutonium
- 27.11: Organometallic Complexes of Thorium and Uranium
- 28: Inorganic materials and nanotechnology
- 29: The trace metals of life
- 1: Basic Concepts: Atoms
Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds and covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon-based compounds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.
Thumbnail: The ball-and-stick model of diisobutylaluminium hydride, showing aluminium as pink, carbon as black, and hydrogen as white. Image used with permission (Public Domain; Benjah-bmm27).