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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_in_Diatomic_Molecules/9.05%3A_Bonding_and_Antibonding_OrbitalsThis page explores the molecular orbitals of the H+ ion using the LCAO method, which includes bonding and antibonding characteristics. The bonding σ1s orbital stabilizes the sy...This page explores the molecular orbitals of the H+ ion using the LCAO method, which includes bonding and antibonding characteristics. The bonding σ1s orbital stabilizes the system through constructive interference, while the antibonding σ∗1s destabilizes it through destructive interference.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.21%3A_Valence_Bond_TheoryThis page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses exampl...This page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses examples like H2 and F2 to illustrate key concepts. Review questions focus on electron positions in orbitals, covalent bond formation, and the necessity of overlapping orbitals being of the same type.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.16%3A_Bond_PolarityThis page explains bond polarity in chemistry, detailing how electronegativity affects electron sharing or transfer between atoms. It describes that large electronegativity differences result in ionic...This page explains bond polarity in chemistry, detailing how electronegativity affects electron sharing or transfer between atoms. It describes that large electronegativity differences result in ionic bonds, while smaller differences lead to covalent bonds. Nonpolar covalent bonds feature equal electron sharing, whereas polar covalent bonds exhibit unequal sharing, creating partial charges. The page highlights the relevance of bond polarity in applications like soap cleaning.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Introduction_to_Chemical_BondingChemical bonding is one of the most basic fundamentals of chemistry that explains other concepts such as molecules and reactions. Without it, scientists wouldn't be able to explain why atoms are attra...Chemical bonding is one of the most basic fundamentals of chemistry that explains other concepts such as molecules and reactions. Without it, scientists wouldn't be able to explain why atoms are attracted to each other or how products are formed after a chemical reaction has taken place. To understand the concept of bonding, one must first know the basics behind atomic structure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.20%3A_Physical_Properties_and_Intermolecular_ForcesThis page discusses the two major forms of carbon: diamond, known for its hardness, and graphite, which is softer. It emphasizes that a compound's properties are influenced by chemical bonding, affect...This page discusses the two major forms of carbon: diamond, known for its hardness, and graphite, which is softer. It emphasizes that a compound's properties are influenced by chemical bonding, affecting melting and boiling points. Molecular compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points and poor electrical conductivity, with solubility in water influenced by hydrogen bonding. Covalent network solids like diamond have strong bonds, necessitating extreme temperatures for vaporization.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_in_Diatomic_Molecules/9.07%3A_Molecular_Orbitals_Can_Be_Ordered_According_to_Their_EnergiesThis page discusses the LCAO-MO method for analyzing diatomic molecules, highlighting qualitative insights for homonuclear molecules and quantitative analysis for heteronuclear and polyatomic ones. It...This page discusses the LCAO-MO method for analyzing diatomic molecules, highlighting qualitative insights for homonuclear molecules and quantitative analysis for heteronuclear and polyatomic ones. It notes the formation of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals from ns and np orbitals, affecting bond order and stability.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.06%3A_Physical_Properties_and_Intermolecular_ForcesThis page discusses the properties of carbon, highlighting its two main forms, diamond and graphite, and how chemical bonding influences the characteristics of carbon compounds. It explains that molec...This page discusses the properties of carbon, highlighting its two main forms, diamond and graphite, and how chemical bonding influences the characteristics of carbon compounds. It explains that molecular compounds exhibit varying physical properties and typically possess lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds, which can conduct electricity when molten or in solution. Additionally, it mentions that covalent network solids like diamond require very high temperatures to change state
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.24%3A_Sigma_and_Pi_BondsThis page explains the hybridization of carbon atoms in molecules with double and triple bonds, using ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) as examples. Ethene has sp2 hybridization, ...This page explains the hybridization of carbon atoms in molecules with double and triple bonds, using ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) as examples. Ethene has sp2 hybridization, yielding a planar structure with one sigma and one pi bond. In contrast, ethyne has sp hybridization, resulting in a linear shape with one sigma and two pi bonds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.07%3A_Multiple_Covalent_BondsThis page outlines the process of managing leftover electrons in Lewis structures for covalent compounds and the necessity of double and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. It uses ethene (\(\ce{C...This page outlines the process of managing leftover electrons in Lewis structures for covalent compounds and the necessity of double and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. It uses ethene (C2H4) as an example of double bonding and nitrogen (N2) for triple bonding. The text concludes with a summary of these bonding types and includes review questions for further understanding.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/09_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Energy_LevelsA development of the quantum mechanical concepts of bonding using valence bond and molecular orbital descriptions to account for bond strength and molecular ionization energies.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.01%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_Account_for_Molecular_ShapeThis page covers valence bond theory, focusing on hybrid orbitals and their importance in understanding molecular structure and bonding in diatomic and polyatomic molecules. It details the formation o...This page covers valence bond theory, focusing on hybrid orbitals and their importance in understanding molecular structure and bonding in diatomic and polyatomic molecules. It details the formation of hybrid orbitals (such as sp, sp2, and sp3) in compounds like H2, BeH2, and CH4, while highlighting limitations in predicting geometries for polyatomic molecules.
