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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.19%3A_Valence_ElectronsThis page explains valence electrons as the outermost electrons in an atom's highest energy level, which determine reactivity. It highlights that elements react differently based on their valence elec...This page explains valence electrons as the outermost electrons in an atom's highest energy level, which determine reactivity. It highlights that elements react differently based on their valence electron count, with lithium having one, beryllium two, and boron three. As one progresses across a period, valence electrons increase, reaching eight in neon. The summary also distinguishes between valence and inner shell electrons, noting that only valence electrons affect reactivity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/18%3A_Kinetics/18.05%3A_Activated_ComplexThis page discusses two distinct topics: Velcro, a synthetic material used in activities like "Velcro-jumping," where participants stick to a Velcro wall, and the concept of an activated complex in ch...This page discusses two distinct topics: Velcro, a synthetic material used in activities like "Velcro-jumping," where participants stick to a Velcro wall, and the concept of an activated complex in chemistry, which describes a transient atomic arrangement at the peak of activation energy during reactions. This complex lasts approximately 10−13s and can revert to reactants or evolve into products, though its exact structure is largely undetermined.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Interactive_Applications/PhET_Simulations/PhET%3A_Rutherford_ScatteringHow did Rutherford figure out the structure of the atom without being able to see it? Simulate the famous experiment in which he disproved the Plum Pudding model of the atom by observing alpha particl...How did Rutherford figure out the structure of the atom without being able to see it? Simulate the famous experiment in which he disproved the Plum Pudding model of the atom by observing alpha particles bouncing off atoms and determining that they must have a small core.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_101_-_Introduction_to_General_Chemistry/02%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/2.07%3A_Unit_2_Practice_ProblemsPractice problems with solutions for unit 2 including atomic structure, periodic table, and electron configurations.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.E%3A_Multielectron_Atoms_(Exercises)This page discusses solutions to various physics problems in atomic structures and quantum mechanics, focusing on the speed of electrons in the Bohr model, angular dependencies in Hartree-Fock approxi...This page discusses solutions to various physics problems in atomic structures and quantum mechanics, focusing on the speed of electrons in the Bohr model, angular dependencies in Hartree-Fock approximations, and term symbols for elements like carbon and halogens. It details calculations for term symbols of electron configurations, including 2P and 2S, with specific results for calcium and vanadium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.12%3A_Energy_LevelThis page explains how fireworks create colorful bursts of light through energy transitions of electrons in atoms. It outlines electron shells' roles in determining energy levels, and highlights that ...This page explains how fireworks create colorful bursts of light through energy transitions of electrons in atoms. It outlines electron shells' roles in determining energy levels, and highlights that valence electrons impact an atom's stability and reactivity. Reactive elements with incomplete valence shells, like fluorine and lithium, contrast with the stability of neon, which has a full outer shell.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/CHEM_2000%3A_Chemistry_for_Engineers_(Sinex)/Unit_1%3A_Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_IntroductionPrince George's Community College General Chemistry for Engineering CHM 2000 Unit I: Atoms Unit II: Molecules Unit III: States of Matter Unit IV: Reactions Unit V: Kinetics & Equilibrium Unit VI: Ther...Prince George's Community College General Chemistry for Engineering CHM 2000 Unit I: Atoms Unit II: Molecules Unit III: States of Matter Unit IV: Reactions Unit V: Kinetics & Equilibrium Unit VI: Thermo & Electrochemistry Unit VII: Nuclear Chemistry
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Fordham_University/Chem1102%3A_Drug_Discovery_-_From_the_Laboratory_to_the_Clinic/01%3A_Atomic_StructureJust as a language has an alphabet from which words are built, chemistry has an alphabet from which matter is described. However, the chemical alphabet is larger than the one we use for spelling. You ...Just as a language has an alphabet from which words are built, chemistry has an alphabet from which matter is described. However, the chemical alphabet is larger than the one we use for spelling. You may have already figured out that the chemical alphabet consists of the chemical elements. Their role is central to chemistry, for they combine to form the millions and millions of known compounds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.15%3A_Atomic_NucleusThis page likens science to a jigsaw puzzle, illustrating how researchers' discoveries enhance our understanding of complex concepts like the atomic nucleus. It traces the evolution of atomic models f...This page likens science to a jigsaw puzzle, illustrating how researchers' discoveries enhance our understanding of complex concepts like the atomic nucleus. It traces the evolution of atomic models from Thomson's to Rutherford's, highlighting how the introduction of neutrons clarified the coexistence of protons in the nucleus. This led to the recognition of the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons despite the repulsion between protons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.17%3A_Periodic_Trends_-_Ionization_EnergyThis page discusses two topics: sheep behavior, highlighting their tendency to herd influenced by attraction and external factors, and the concept of ionization energy in chemistry, explaining how it ...This page discusses two topics: sheep behavior, highlighting their tendency to herd influenced by attraction and external factors, and the concept of ionization energy in chemistry, explaining how it varies across periods and groups in the periodic table due to nuclear attraction and atomic size. Understanding these trends is essential for predicting atomic behavior.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.20%3A_Periodic_Trends_-_Ionic_RadiiThis page discusses the sale of shelled peanuts for snacking or cooking and explains ionic radius, detailing how ion sizes vary with electron loss or gain. Cations become smaller when electrons are re...This page discusses the sale of shelled peanuts for snacking or cooking and explains ionic radius, detailing how ion sizes vary with electron loss or gain. Cations become smaller when electrons are removed due to reduced energy levels and a higher proton-electron ratio, while anions grow larger with added electrons due to increased repulsion. It notes that ionic radius measurements often utilize crystal lattice structures, with differences stemming from the measurement techniques used.
