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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/12%3A_Solids_and_Modern_Materials/12.01%3A_Classes_of_MaterialsIt is often possible to deduce the method from the composition (of the coating and the bulk of the component) and the shape of the component. Composite materials have at least two distinct components:...It is often possible to deduce the method from the composition (of the coating and the bulk of the component) and the shape of the component. Composite materials have at least two distinct components: the matrix (which constitutes the bulk of the material) and fibers or granules that are embedded within the matrix and limit the growth of cracks by pinning defects in the bulk material (Figure 12.9.3).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/08%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/8.11%3A_Crystal_Structure_of_MetalsThis page explains the stacking of cannonballs and its relevance to metallic crystal structures. It highlights how pyramidal arrangements mirror the close-packed configurations of atoms in metals, emp...This page explains the stacking of cannonballs and its relevance to metallic crystal structures. It highlights how pyramidal arrangements mirror the close-packed configurations of atoms in metals, emphasizing body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures. The bcc structure has a coordination number of 8, while fcc and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures have a coordination number of 12, showcasing their efficient packing with minimal empty space.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Raman_Spectroscopy/18.04%3A_Other_Types_of_Raman_SpectroscopyTraditional Raman spectroscopy has several limitations, perhaps the most important of which is that the probability of Raman scattering is much less than that for Rayleigh scattering, which leads to l...Traditional Raman spectroscopy has several limitations, perhaps the most important of which is that the probability of Raman scattering is much less than that for Rayleigh scattering, which leads to low sensitivity with detection limits often as large as 0.1 M. Here we briefly describe two forms of Raman spectroscopy that allow for significant improvements in detection limits.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/CHEM_2000%3A_Chemistry_for_Engineers_(Sinex)/Unit_3%3A_States_of_Matter/Chapter_8%3A_Solids/Chapter_12.06%3A_Metals_and_SemiconductorsThe continuous set of allowed energy levels shown on the right in Figure 8.6.1 is called an energy bandThe continuous set of allowed energy levels generated in band theory when the valence orbitals of...The continuous set of allowed energy levels shown on the right in Figure 8.6.1 is called an energy bandThe continuous set of allowed energy levels generated in band theory when the valence orbitals of the atoms in a solid interact with one another, thus creating a set of molecular orbitals that extend throughout the solid.. The difference in energy between the highest and lowest energy levels is the bandwidthThe difference in energy between the highest and lowest energy levels in an energy band.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Specific_HeatThis page explains heat capacity and specific heat, emphasizing their effects on temperature changes in objects. It illustrates how mass and chemical composition influence heating rates, using a wadin...This page explains heat capacity and specific heat, emphasizing their effects on temperature changes in objects. It illustrates how mass and chemical composition influence heating rates, using a wading pool versus a larger swimming pool as an example. Water's high specific heat (4.18 J/g°C) requires more energy to warm up compared to other substances like metals, making it an effective coolant and contributing to moderate coastal climates.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.21%3A_Periodic_Trends-_ElectronegativityThis page explains electronegativity, defining it as an atom's ability to attract electrons. It notes that electronegativity increases across periods and decreases down groups, highlighting fluorine a...This page explains electronegativity, defining it as an atom's ability to attract electrons. It notes that electronegativity increases across periods and decreases down groups, highlighting fluorine as the most electronegative element. Metals generally have low electronegativities due to their tendency to lose electrons, while nonmetals gain electrons, leading to higher values.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/11%3A_Chemical_Reactions/11.04%3A_Combination_ReactionsThis page explains the enhanced function of a wheel rim when combined with a tire for a safe ride. It also discusses combination reactions, where multiple substances unite to form new ones, such as el...This page explains the enhanced function of a wheel rim when combined with a tire for a safe ride. It also discusses combination reactions, where multiple substances unite to form new ones, such as elements reacting with oxygen to create oxides. The text provides examples of balancing equations for these reactions, including potassium oxide formation and the reaction of calcium oxide with water.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)/05%3A_Chemical_Reactions/5.4%3A_Classifying_Chemical_ReactionsThe reactions we have examined in the previous sections can be classified into a few simple types. Organizing reactions in this way is useful because it will assist us in predicting the products of un...The reactions we have examined in the previous sections can be classified into a few simple types. Organizing reactions in this way is useful because it will assist us in predicting the products of unknown reactions. There are many different classifications of chemical reactions, but here we will focus on the following types: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/22%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions/22.05%3A_CorrosionThis page discusses the obsolescence of old tractors due to corrosion and scarce parts, detailing rust and corrosion as damaging redox processes costing the U.S. economy over $100 billion yearly. It a...This page discusses the obsolescence of old tractors due to corrosion and scarce parts, detailing rust and corrosion as damaging redox processes costing the U.S. economy over $100 billion yearly. It also presents corrosion-resistant metals and prevention methods, including surface and cathodic protection, with zinc's application on steel ships as an example to enhance durability.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/08%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_BondingThis page explores valence electrons, ionic and metallic bonding, and crystal structures. It discusses electron dot diagrams, the octet rule, and the formation of cations and anions, as well as the ro...This page explores valence electrons, ionic and metallic bonding, and crystal structures. It discusses electron dot diagrams, the octet rule, and the formation of cations and anions, as well as the role of transition metals in ionic compounds like sodium and magnesium chlorides. It also covers the physical properties of ionic compounds and metallic bonding, including conductivity and malleability, while highlighting the advantages of alloys and the crystal structures of metals over pure metals.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.05%3A_MetalsThis page discusses the characteristics of various metal screws, highlighting their differences in size, shape, and type. It covers the classification of metals based on physical properties such as co...This page discusses the characteristics of various metal screws, highlighting their differences in size, shape, and type. It covers the classification of metals based on physical properties such as conductivity and malleability. Key points include gold's value in jewelry for its softness, copper's role in electrical conduction, and the toxicity of mercury, the only liquid metal at room temperature, which has fallen out of common use.
