17: Homework Solutions

Sacramento City College
CHEM 309: General, Organic and Biochemistry
Prof. Dianne Bennett

Agenda (Fall)  •   Agenda (Spring)  •  Homework Problems

1. Chapter 2: The Classical Wave Equation
2. 2.1: The One-Dimensional Wave Equation
3. 2.2: The Method of Separation of Variables
4. 2.3: Oscillatory Solutions to Differential Equations
5. 2.4: The General Solution is a Superposition of Normal Modes
6. 2.5: A Vibrating Membrane
7. 2.E: The Classical Wave Equation (Exercises)

 •  Homework Solutions

1. Chapter 11: Computational Quantum Chemistry
2. 11.1: Gaussian Basis Sets
3. 11.2: Extended Basis Sets
4. 11.3: Orbital Polarization Terms in Basis Sets
5. 11.4: The Ground-State Energy of H2H2
6. 11.5: Quantum Calculations
7. 11.E: Computational Quantum Chemistry (Exercises)

Chapters

1. Chapter 12: Group Theory: The Exploitation of Symmetry
2. 12.1: The Exploitation of Symmetry
3. 12.2: Symmetry Elements
4. 12.3: Symmetry Operations Define Groups
5. 12.4: Symmetry Operations as Matrices
6. 12.5: The C3VC3V Point Group
7. 12.6: Character Tables
8. 12.7: Characters of Irreducible Representations
9. 12.8: Using Symmetry to Solve Secular Determinants
10. 12.9: Generating Operators
11. 12.E: Group Theory: The Exploitation of Symmetry (Exercises)

  •  Video Tutorials

1. Chapter 13: Molecular Spectroscopy
2. 13.1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. 13.2: Rotations Accompany Vibrational Transitions
4. 13.3: Unequal Spacings in Vibration-Rotation Spectra
5. 13.4: Unequal Spacings in Pure Rotational Spectra
6. 13.5: Vibrational Overtones
7. 13.6: Electronic Spectra Contain Electronic, Vibrational, and Rotational Information
8. 13.7: The Franck-Condon Principle
9. 13.8: Rotational Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules
10. 13.9: Normal Modes in Polyatomic Molecules
11. 13.10: Irreducible Representation of Point Groups
12. 13.11: Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory
13. 13.12: The Selection Rule for the Rigid Rotator
14. 13.13: The Harmonic Oscillator Selection Rule
15. 13.14: Group Theory Determines Infrared Activity
16. 13.E: Molecular Spectroscopy (Exercises)

 •  Basic Knowledge Practice Quizzes

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

(01) a-c) see below

(02) a-e) see below

(03)

(04) Phosphoester bonds link the phosphate of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group at C-3' on the sugar of the other nucleotide.

(05) 4⁸ = 65,536 possible combinations

(06) DNA because deoxribose and thymine are present.

DNA

(07) DNA has a double helix shape - a twisted ladder. The vertical parts of the ladder are the phosphate sugar chains. The rungs of the ladder are formed by H-bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the two chains.

(08) CGATCTAG; 20 H-bonds link the nitrogenous bases

(09)

1. GTCGTAT
2. AGTCAAGC
3. CCAGTGCA

(10) There are 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes inside human cells. A chromosome is a complex of DNA and proteins. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes which coil upon themselves to form chromatin fibers that coil upon themselves to form a chromosome.

(11) Helicase begins the DNA replication process by unraveling the double helix. Each of the two strands serve as a template for a new daughter strand that is formed using the enzyme DNA polymerase.

(12) H-bonding between the nitrogenous bases

(13) DNA polymerase averages less than 1 error per 10,000 nucleotides. During proof reading, enzymes replace and repair errors. After proof reading, the error rate drops to less than 1 in 1 billion nucleotides.

(14)

1. dGCCATACGT
2. dTACGGACTG
3. dATACGGTCA

RNA and Protein Synthesis

(15) r-RNA complexes with the proteins in ribosomes for protein synthesis

t-RNA transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

m-RNA carries the code transcribed from DNA and directs protein synthesis

(16)

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False

(17) Transcription is the process by which information in DNA is read and used to synthesize RNA.

Translation is the process by which RNA directs protein synthesis.

(18) t-RNA is clover shaped. One "leaf" interacts with the ribosome and m-RNA to determine the amino acid needed. The "stem" of the clover is bonded to the corresponding amino acid which it is delivering.

(19) For each DNA sequence, write the corresponding mRNA sequences.

1. CGUGCAGUG
2. AACGUUCAC
3. CUCAGGUAG
4. AGGCAAGUU
5. GCUGGCUAA

(20) t-RNA is clover shaped. The "center leaf of the clover" contains the anti-codon that identifies the amino acid that it transfers. The amino acid is bonded to the "stem" of the t-RNA.

(21)

1. codon CUG for leucine (Leu)
2. codon UGC for cysteine (Cys)
3. codon CAC for histidine (His)
4. codon AGU for serine (Ser)
5. codon UCC for serine (Ser)

(22) There are 3 stop codons: UAA, UAG, & UGA.

(23) The codons for threonine are ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG. The redundancy helps minimize the effects of errors during protein synthesis.

(24)

1. UCCGACGUA ⇒ Ser-Asp-Val
2. CGGAUAUUG ⇒ Arg-Met-Leu
3. GUCAAUGGC ⇒ Val-Asn-Gly
4. UACCUAAUC ⇒ Tyr-Leu-Ile
5. CGAGGCAGU ⇒ Arg-Gly-Ser

(25)

1. TGTTAA corresponds to the codon UCAAUU for Ser-Ile
2. CGGTAA corresponds to the codon GCCAUU for Ala-Ile and CGTGAA corresponds to the codon GCACUU for Ala-Leu
3. CGTTCA corresponds to the codon GCAAGU for Ala-Ser and CGTTAC corresponds to the codon GCAAUG for Ala-Start

(26) Radiation causes the formation of radicals that can break the phosphoester bonds of DNA to create genetic mutations.