CHEM 118 Textbook
- Page ID
- 287498
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1: Matter and Measurements
- Chemistry is the study of the interactions of matter with other matter and with energy. In this book, we will lay the foundations of chemistry in a topic-by-topic fashion to provide you with the background you need to successfully understand chemistry.
- 1.1: Chemistry - The Central Science
- 1.2: States of Matter
- 1.3: Classification of Matter
- 1.4: Chemical Elements and Symbols
- 1.5: Elements and the Periodic Table
- 1.6: Chemical Reaction- An Example of a Chemical Change
- 1.7: Physical Quantities
- 1.8: Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume
- 1.9: Measurement and Significant Figures
- 1.10: Scientific Notation
- 1.11: Rounding Off Numbers
- 1.12: Problem Solving - Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers
- 1.13: Temperature, Heat, and Energy
- 1.14: Density and Specific Gravity
- 3: Compounds
- 3.1: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- 3.2: Ions and the Octet Rule
- 3.3: Ions
- 3.4: Naming Ionic Compounds
- 3.5: Covalent Bonds
- 3.6: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names
- 3.7: Drawing Lewis Structures
- 3.8: The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
- 3.9: Gram-Mole Conversions
- 3.10: Molecular Shapes- The VSEPR Theory
- 3.11: Shapes and Properties- Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
- 4: Introduction to Organic Compounds
- 4.1: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- 4.2: The Functional Group
- 4.3: Aromatic Compounds- Benzene and Its Relatives
- 4.4: Halogenated Hydrocarbons- Many Uses, Some Hazards
- 4.5: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- 4.6: Aldehydes and Ketones
- 4.7: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- 4.8: Nitrogen-Containing Compounds- Amines and Amides
- 4.9: Chiral Molecules
- 5: Reactions
- 5.1: Energy and Chemical Bonds
- 5.2: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
- 5.3: Calorimetry
- 5.4: Spontaneous Processes
- 5.5: Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
- 5.6: Catalysis
- 5.7: Combination Reactions
- 5.8: Decomposition Reactions
- 5.9: Combustion Reactions
- 5.10: Single Replacement Reactions
- 5.11: Double Replacement Reactions
- 5.12: Redox Reactions
- 5.13: Condensation Reactions
- 5.14: Addition Reactions
- 9: Acids, Bases, and Buffers
- 9.1: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
- 9.2: Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 9.3: Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant \(\left( K_\text{a} \right)\)
- 9.4: Strong and Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constant \(\left( K_\text{b} \right)\)
- 9.5: Chemical Equilibrium
- 9.6: The Equilibrium Constant
- 9.7: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chatelier's Principle
- 9.8: Calculating \(K_\text{a}\) and \(K_\text{b}\)
- 9.9: The pH Scale
- 9.10: Calculating pH of Acids and Bases
- 9.11: p\(K_\text{a}\)
- 9.12: Buffers
- 9.13: Properties of Amino Acids