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11.1: Fatty Acids
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Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that are made up of 12 to 20 carbons. They are building blocks of waxes, triglycerides, and membrane lipids.
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11.2: Ester Formation and Waxes
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Esters are made by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, a process that is called esterification. Waxes are formed from long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols.
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11.3: Triglycerides- Fats and Oils
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Fats and oils are molecules known as triglycerides, which are esters of three fatty acids and glycerol.
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11.4: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Triglycerides
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The oxidation of the alkene functional group in a triglyceride can form compounds with a disagreeable odor. The double bonds present in unsaturated triglycerides are partially hydrogenated to convert oils to a semisolid product like margarine.
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11.5: Neutralization of Fatty Acids and Hydrolysis of Triglycerides
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Fatty acids can react with bases to form an amphipathic compound called soap. Soaps are made by the hydrolysis reaction of a triglyceride with an aqueous solution of a base.
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11.6: Steroids
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Steroids have a four-fused-ring structure and have a variety of functions. Cholesterol is a steroid found in mammals that is needed for the rigidity of cell membranes, synthesis of bile salts and steroid hormones.
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11.7: Amphipathic Lipids and Membranes
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The membrane lipids are amphipathic lipids such as phospholipids, glycolipids, or sphingolipids. Proteins are another important component of biological membranes. Deposits of cholesterol adds rigidity to the membrane.
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11.8: Transport Across Cell Membrane
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There are three different ways molecules and ions move across a cell membrane. They are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Active transport requires energy, while diffusion and facilitated diffusion do not. Most polar molecules and ions require a protein channel during transport.
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11.9: Digestion of Triglycerides
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Bile salts help to emulsify the hydrophobic triglycerides in the aqueous gastric solution. The enzyme lipase catalyze the hydrolysis (digestion) of the triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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11.10: Fatty Acid Catabolism
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Fatty acids, obtained from the breakdown of triglycerides and other lipids, are oxidized through a series of four reactions in a spiral. The products of the spirals are processes by the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
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11.11: End of Chapter Problems
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This problem set is based on Chapter 11 topics.