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4: Stoichiometry –the quantification of chemical reactions
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4.1: Stoichiometry
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The terms stoichiometry, i.e., a study of quantities of mass and energy consumed or produced in a chemical reaction, and atomic mass, i.e., the weighted average of the masses of isotopes of an element present in a natural sample, are described.
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4.2: The mole
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Mole plays a central part in stoichiometry relating to the number of particles through Avogadro's number, to the mass of substance in grams through the molar mass, and to moles of other substances through a balanced chemical equation. These stoichiometric calculations are explained.
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4.3: Chemical reaction
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answers to what is a chemical reaction equation, how to write it, and how to balance it are given.
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4.4: Patterns of chemical reactions
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General patterns of chemical reaction, i.e., combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion, and general classification of chemical reactions, i.e., oxidation-reduction, acid-base, and precipitation reactions are described.
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4.5: Oxidation-reduction reactions
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involving the transfer of electrons, splitting the redox reaction into oxidation-half and reduction-half, combining the two halves to write an overall redox reaction equation, and recognizing oxidation or reduction in biological reactions are described.
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4.6: Energetics of chemical reactions
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The energies evolved or absorbed during a reaction, the energy barrier that the reactants must surpass before the reactions can happen, the effects of the energy barrier on the rate of reactions, and the factors that affect the rate of reaction are introduced.
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4.7: Stoichiometric calculations
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Stoichiometric calculations involving the use of reciprocal of molar mass as a conversion factor from grams to moles of a substance, mole to mole conversion factor from a chemical equation to find the moles of one substance from the know moles of another, and finally using molar mass as a conversion factor to calculate the mass of a substance from its know moles are described.