Introductory & GOB Chemistry
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- Book: Beginning Chemistry (Ball)
- 1: What Is Chemistry?
- 2: Measurements
- 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
- 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations
- 4.0: Prelude to Chemical Reactions
- 4.1: The Chemical Equation
- 4.2: Types of Chemical Reactions - Single and Double Displacement Reactions
- 4.3: Ionic Equations - A Closer Look
- 4.4: Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions
- 4.5: Neutralization Reactions
- 4.E: Chemical Reactions and Equations (Exercises)
- 5: Stoichiometry and the Mole
- 6: Gases
- 7: Energy and Chemistry
- 8: Electronic Structure
- 9: Chemical Bonds
- 10: Solids and Liquids
- 11: Solutions
- 12: Acids and Bases
- 13: Chemical Equilibrium
- 14: Oxidation and Reduction
- 15: Nuclear Chemistry
- 16: Organic Chemistry
- Map: Introductory Chemistry (Tro)
- 1: The Chemical World
- 2: Measurement and Problem Solving
- 2.1: Taking Measurements
- 2.2: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
- 2.3: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
- 2.4: Significant Figures in Calculations
- 2.5: The Basic Units of Measurement
- 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
- 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems
- 2.8: Units Raised to a Power
- 2.9: Density
- 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
- 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
- 3: Matter and Energy
- 3.1: In Your Room
- 3.2: What is Matter?
- 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
- 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
- 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
- 3.6: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
- 3.7: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
- 3.8: Energy
- 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
- 3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
- 3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
- 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
- 3.E: Exercises
- 4: Atoms and Elements
- 4.1: Cutting Alumimun until you get Atoms
- 4.2: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
- 4.3: The Nuclear Atom
- 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
- 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
- 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Table
- 4.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
- 4.8: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
- 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
- 5: Molecules and Compounds
- 5.1: Sugar and Salt
- 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition
- 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
- 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
- 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
- 5.6: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
- 5.7: Naming Ionic Compounds
- 5.8: Naming Molecular Compounds
- 5.9: Naming Acids
- 5.10: Nomenclature Summary
- 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
- 6: Chemical Composition
- 6.1: How Much Sodium?
- 6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound
- 6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram
- 6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram
- 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
- 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
- 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
- 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
- 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
- 7: Chemical Reactions
- 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
- 7.2: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
- 7.3: Chemical Equations
- 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
- 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
- 7.6: Precipitation Reactions
- 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
- 7.8: Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
- 7.9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- 7.11: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
- 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
- 8.1: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
- 8.2: Stoichiometry
- 8.3: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
- 8.4: Making Molecules: Mole to Mass (or vice versa) and Mass-to-Mass Conversions
- 8.5: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
- 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
- 8.7: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
- 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
- 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
- 9.2: Light is Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
- 9.3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 9.4: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
- 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
- 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
- 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
- 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
- 9.E: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
- 10: Chemical Bonding
- 10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
- 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
- 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
- 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
- 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
- 10.6: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
- 10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
- 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
- 11: Gases
- 11.1: Extra-Long Straws
- 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
- 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
- 11.4: Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
- 11.5: Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
- 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure
- 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
- 11.8: Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
- 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
- 11.10: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
- 11.11: Gases in Chemical Reactions
- 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
- 12.1: Interactions between Molecules
- 12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids
- 12.3: Surface Tension and Viscosity
- 12.4: Evaporation and Condensation
- 12.5: Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
- 12.6: Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole
- 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids
- 12.8: Water - A Remarkable Molecule
- 13: Solutions
- 13.1: Prelude - Tragedy in Cameroon
- 13.2: Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
- 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
- 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water
- 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
- 13.6: Solution Concentration: Molarity
- 13.7: Solution Dilution
- 13.8: Solution Stoichiometry
- 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
- 13.10: Osmosis
- 14: Acids and Bases
- 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
- 14.2: Acids: Properties and Examples
- 14.3: Bases: Properties and Examples
- 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
- 14.5: Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 14.6: Acid–Base Titration
- 14.7: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
- 14.8: Water - Acid and Base in One
- 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
- 14.10: Buffers are Solutions that Resist pH Change
- 15: Chemical Equilibrium
- 15.1: Life is Controlled Disequilibrium
- 15.2: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- 15.3: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
- 15.4: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
- 15.5: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
- 15.6: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
- 15.7: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- 15.8: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
- 15.9: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
- 15.10: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
- 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant
- 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
- 16: Oxidation and Reduction
- 16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
- 16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
- 16.3: Oxidation States - Electron Bookkeeping
- 16.4: Balancing Redox Equations
- 16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
- 16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
- 16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
- 16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
- 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
- 17.1: Diagnosing Appendicitis
- 17.2: The Discovery of Radioactivity
- 17.3: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
- 17.4: Detecting Radioactivity
- 17.5: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
- 17.6: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
- 17.7: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
- 17.8: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
- 17.9: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
- 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life
- 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine
- Book: Introductory Chemistry (CK-12)
- 1: Introduction to Chemistry
- 2: Matter and Change
- 2.1: Substances
- 2.2: Physical Properties
- 2.3: Extensive and Intensive Properties
- 2.4: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
- 2.5: Physical Change
- 2.6: Homogeneous Mixture
- 2.7: Heterogeneous Mixtures
- 2.8: Methods for Separating Mixtures
- 2.9: Elements
- 2.10: Compounds
- 2.11: Chemical Change
- 2.12: Chemical Symbols and Formulas
- 2.13: Chemical Properties and Chemical Reactions
- 2.14: Reactants and Products
- 2.15: Recognizing Chemical Reactions
- 3: Measurements
- 3.1: SI Base Units
- 3.2: Metric Prefixes
- 3.3: Scientific Notation in Chemistry
- 3.4: SI Length and Volume Units
- 3.5: SI Mass and Weight Units
- 3.6: SI Kinetic Energy Units
- 3.7: Temperature and Temperature Scales
- 3.8: Scientific Dimensional Analysis
- 3.9: Metric Unit Conversions
- 3.10: Derived Units
- 3.11: Density
- 3.12: Accuracy and Precision
- 3.13: Percent Error
- 3.14: Measurement Uncertainty
- 3.15: Significant Figures
- 3.16: Rounding
- 3.17: Uncertainty in Multiplication and Division
- 3.18: Uncertainty in Addition and Subtraction
- 4: Atomic Structure
- 4.1: Democritus' Idea of the Atom
- 4.2: Conservation of Mass
- 4.3: Law of Definite Proportions
- 4.4: Law of Multiple Proportions
- 4.5: Mass Ratio Calculation
- 4.6: Dalton's Atomic Theory
- 4.7: Cathode Ray Tube
- 4.8: Electrons
- 4.9: Oil Drop Experiment
- 4.10: Protons
- 4.11: Neutrons
- 4.12: Thomson's Atomic Model
- 4.13: Rutherford's Atomic Model
- 4.14: Atomic Nucleus
- 4.15: Atomic Number
- 4.16: Mass Number
- 4.17: Isotopes
- 4.18: Atomic Mass Unit
- 4.19: Calculating Atomic Mass
- 5: Electrons in Atoms
- 5.1: Properties of Light
- 5.2: Wavelength and Frequency Calculations
- 5.3: Quantization of Energy
- 5.4: Photoelectric Effect
- 5.5: Atomic Emission Spectra
- 5.6: Bohr's Atomic Model
- 5.7: Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen
- 5.8: de Broglie Wave Equation
- 5.9: Quantum Mechanics
- 5.10: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- 5.11: Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
- 5.12: Quantum Numbers
- 5.13: Orbitals
- 5.14: Aufbau Principle
- 5.15: Pauli Exclusion Principle
- 5.16: Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
- 5.17: Electron Configurations
- 5.18: Valence Electrons
- 5.19: Noble Gas Configuration
- 6: The Periodic Table
- 6.1: Early History of the Periodic Table
- 6.2: Mendeleev's Periodic Table
- 6.3: Periodic Law
- 6.4: Modern Periodic Table: Periods and Groups
- 6.5: Metals
- 6.6: Nonmetals
- 6.7: Metalloids
- 6.8: Blocks of the Periodic Table
- 6.9: Hydrogen and Alkali Metals
- 6.10: Alkaline Earth Metals
- 6.11: Noble Gases
- 6.12: Halogens
- 6.13: Transition Elements
- 6.14: Lanthanides and Actinides
- 6.15: Periodic Trends: Atomic Radius
- 6.16: Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy
- 6.17: Electron Shielding
- 6.18: Electron Affinity
- 6.19: Ionic Radii
- 6.20: Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
- 6.21: Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
- 7: Chemical Nomenclature
- 7.1: Molecular Formula
- 7.2: Empirical Formula
- 7.3: Cations
- 7.4: Anions
- 7.5: Transition Metal Ions
- 7.6: Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
- 7.7: Stock System Naming
- 7.8: Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
- 7.9: Polyatomic Ions
- 7.10: Names and Formulas of Ternary Ionic Compounds
- 7.11: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
- 7.12: Naming Acids
- 7.13: Names and Formulas of Bases
- 8: Ionic and Metallic Bonding
- 9: Covalent Bonding
- 9.1: Energy and Covalent Bond Formation
- 9.2: Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
- 9.3: Single Covalent Bonds
- 9.4: Multiple Covalent Bonds
- 9.5: Coordinate Covalent Bond
- 9.6: Covalent Bonding in Polyatomic Ions
- 9.7: Resonance
- 9.8: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- 9.9: Bond Energy
- 9.10: VSEPR Theory
- 9.11: Molecular Shapes: No Lone Pairs on Central Atoms
- 9.12: Molecular Shapes: Lone Pair(s) on Central Atom
- 9.13: Bond Polarity
- 9.14: Polar Molecules
- 9.15: Van der Waals Forces
- 9.16: Hydrogen Bonding
- 9.17: Valence Bond Theory
- 9.18: Hybrid Orbitals - \(sp^3\)
- 9.19: Hybrid Orbitals - \(sp\) and \(sp^2\)
- 9.20: Sigma and Pi Bonds
- 10: The Mole
- 10.1: Avogadro's Number
- 10.2: Conversions Between Moles and Atoms
- 10.3: Molar Mass
- 10.4: Conversions Between Moles and Mass
- 10.5: Conversions Between Mass and Number of Particles
- 10.6: Avogadro's Hypothesis and Molar Volume
- 10.7: Conversions Between Moles and Gas Volume
- 10.8: Gas Density
- 10.9: Mole Road Map
- 10.10: Percent Composition
- 10.11: Percent of Water in a Hydrate
- 10.12: Determining Empirical Formulas
- 10.13: Determining Molecular Formulas
- 11: Chemical Reactions
- 12: Stoichiometry
- 12.1: Everyday Stoichiometry
- 12.2: Mole Ratios
- 12.3: Mass-Mole and Mole-Mass Stoichiometry
- 12.4: Mass-Mass Stoichiometry
- 12.5: Volume-Volume Stoichiometry
- 12.6: Mass-Volume and Volume-Mass Stoichiometry
- 12.7: Limiting Reactant
- 12.8: Determining the Limiting Reactant
- 12.9: Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
- 13: States of Matter
- 13.1: Kinetic Molecular Theory
- 13.2: Gas Pressure
- 13.3: Atmospheric Pressure
- 13.4: Pressure Units and Conversions
- 13.5: Average Kinetic Energy
- 13.6: Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces
- 13.7: Surface Tension
- 13.8: Evaporation
- 13.9: Vapor Pressure
- 13.10: Boiling Point
- 13.11: Vapor Pressure Curves
- 13.12: Melting Point
- 13.13: Sublimation
- 13.14: Crystal Systems
- 13.15: Unit Cells
- 13.16: Classes of Crystalline Solids
- 13.17: Amorphous Solids
- 13.18: Heating and Cooling Curves
- 13.19: General Phase Diagram
- 13.20: Phase Diagram for Water
- 14: The Behavior of Gases
- 14.1: Compressibility
- 14.2: Factors Affecting Gas Pressure
- 14.3: Boyle's Law
- 14.4: Charles's Law
- 14.5: Gay-Lussac's Law
- 14.6: Combined Gas Law
- 14.7: Avogadro's Law
- 14.8: Ideal Gas Law
- 14.9: Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
- 14.10: Gas Stoichiometry
- 14.11: Real and Ideal Gases
- 14.12: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
- 14.13: Mole Fraction
- 14.14: Gas Collection by Water Displacement
- 14.15: Diffusion and Effusion and Graham's Law
- 15: Water
- 16: Solutions
- 16.1: Solute-Solvent Combinations
- 16.2: Rate of Dissolving
- 16.3: Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions
- 16.4: How Temperature Influences Solubility
- 16.5: Supersaturated Solutions
- 16.6: Henry's Law
- 16.7: Percent Solutions
- 16.8: Molarity
- 16.9: Preparing Solutions
- 16.10: Dilution
- 16.11: Molality
- 16.12: Vapor Pressure Lowering
- 16.13: Freezing Point Depression
- 16.14: Boiling Point Elevation
- 16.15: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
- 16.16: Calculating Molar Mass
- 16.17: Molecular and Ionic Equations
- 16.18: Net Ionic Equations
- 16.19: Predicting Precipitates Using Solubility Rules
- 17: Thermochemistry
- 17.1: Chemical Potential Energy
- 17.2: Heat
- 17.3: Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
- 17.4: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
- 17.5: Specific Heat Calculations
- 17.6: Enthalpy
- 17.7: Calorimetry
- 17.8: Thermochemical Equations
- 17.9: Stoichiometric Calculations and Enthalpy Changes
- 17.10: Heats of Fusion and Solidification
- 17.11: Heats of Vaporization and Condensation
- 17.12: Multi-Step Problems with Changes of State
- 17.13: Heat of Solution
- 17.14: Heat of Combustion
- 17.15: Hess's Law of Heat Summation
- 17.16: Standard Heat of Formation
- 17.17: Calculating Heat of Reaction from Heat of Formation
- 18: Kinetics
- 18.10: Determining the Rate Law from Experimental Data
- 18.11: Reaction Mechanisms and the Elementary Step
- 18.12: Reaction Intermediate
- 18.13: Molecularity
- 18.14: Rate-Determining Step
- 18.15: Mechanisms and Potential Energy Diagrams
- 18.1: Chemical Reaction Rate
- 18.2: Collision Theory
- 18.3: Activation Energy
- 18.4: Potential Energy Diagrams
- 18.5: Activated Complex
- 18.6: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
- 18.7: Catalysts
- 18.8: Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
- 18.9: Order of Reaction
- 19: Equilibrium
- 19.10: Le Châtelier's Principle and the Equilibrium Constant
- 19.11: Solubility Product Constant \(\left( K_\text{sp} \right)\)
- 19.12: Conversion of Solubility to \(K_\text{sp}\)
- 19.13: Conversion of \(K_\text{sp}\) to Solubility
- 19.14: Predicting Precipitates
- 19.15: Common Ion Effect
- 19.1: Reversible Reaction
- 19.2: Chemical Equilibrium
- 19.3: Equilibrium Constant
- 19.4: Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
- 19.5: Le Châtelier's Principle
- 19.6: Effect of Concentration
- 19.7: Effect of Temperature
- 19.8: Effect of Pressure
- 19.9: Nonreversible Reactions
- 20: Entropy and Free Energy
- 21: Acids and Bases
- 21.1: Properties of Acids
- 21.2: Properties of Bases
- 21.3: Arrhenius Acids
- 21.4: Arrhenius Bases
- 21.5: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- 21.6: Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions
- 21.7: Lewis Acids and Bases
- 21.8: Ion-Product of Water
- 21.9: The pH Scale
- 21.10: Calculating pH of Acids and Bases
- 21.11: The pOH Concept
- 21.12: Strong and Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constant \(\left( K_\text{a} \right)\)
- 21.13: Strong and Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constant \(\left( K_\text{b} \right)\)
- 21.14: Calculating \(K_\text{a}\) and \(K_\text{b}\)
- 21.15: Calculating pH of Weak Acid and Base Solutions
- 21.16: Neutralization Reaction and Net Ionic Equations for Neutralization Reactions
- 21.17: Titration Experiment
- 21.18: Titration Calculations
- 21.19: Titration Curves
- 21.20: Indicators
- 21.21: Hydrolysis of Salts: Equations
- 21.22: Calculating pH of Salt Solutions
- 21.23: Buffers
- 22: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- 22.1: Oxygen in Reactions
- 22.2: Redox Reactions and Ionic Compounds
- 22.3: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
- 22.4: Molecular Redox Reactions
- 22.5: Corrosion
- 22.6: Assigning Oxidation Numbers
- 22.7: Changes in Oxidation Number in Redox Reactions
- 22.8: Identifying Reaction Types
- 22.9: Balancing Redox Reactions: Oxidation Number Change Method
- 22.10: Balancing Redox Reactions: Half-Reaction Method
- 22.11: Half-Reaction Method in Basic Solution
- 23: Electrochemistry
- 23.1: Direct Redox Reactions
- 23.2: Electrochemical Reaction
- 23.3: Voltaic Cells
- 23.4: Electrical Potential
- 23.5: Standard Hydrogen Electrode
- 23.6: Calculating Standard Cell Potentials
- 23.7: Batteries
- 23.8: Electrolytic Cells
- 23.9: Electrolysis of Water
- 23.10: Electrolysis of Molten Salts and Electrolysis of Brine
- 23.11: Electroplating
- 24: Nuclear Chemistry
- 24.10: Effects of Radiation
- 24.11: Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
- 24.12: PET Scans
- 24.1: Discovery of Radioactivity
- 24.2: Nuclear Decay Processes
- 24.3: Detection of Radioactivity
- 24.4: Half-Life
- 24.5: Background Radiation
- 24.6: Nuclear Fission Processes
- 24.7: Nuclear Power Generation
- 24.8: Nuclear Fusion
- 24.9: Penetrating Ability of Emissions
- 25: Organic Chemistry
- 25.1: Organic Chemistry
- 25.2: Straight-Chain Alkanes
- 25.3: Branched Alkanes
- 25.4: Alkenes and Alkynes
- 25.5: Isomers
- 25.6: Cyclic Hydrocarbons
- 25.7: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 25.8: Alkyl Halides
- 25.9: Alcohols
- 25.10: Ethers
- 25.11: Aldehydes and Ketones
- 25.12: Carboxylic Acids
- 25.13: Esters
- 25.14: Amines
- 25.15: Substitution Reactions
- 25.16: Addition Reactions
- 25.17: Oxidation Reactions
- 25.18: Condensation Reactions
- 25.19: Polymerization - Addition Polymers
- 25.20: Polymerization - Condensation Polymers
- 26: Biochemistry
- Book: Introductory Chemistry Online! (Young)
- 1: Measurements and Atomic Structure
- 1.1: Why Study Chemistry
- 1.2: Organization of the Elements - The Periodic Table
- 1.3: Scientific Notation
- 1.4: SI and Metric Units
- 1.5: Unit Conversion with the Metric System
- 1.6: Significant Figures
- 1.7: Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
- 1.8: Filling Orbitals with Electrons
- 1.S: Measurements and Atomic Structure (Summary)
- 2: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
- 3: Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature
- 3.1: Compounds, Lewis Diagrams and Ionic Bonds
- 3.2: Covalent Bonding
- 3.3: Lewis Representation of Ionic Compounds
- 3.4: Identifying Molecular and Ionic Compounds
- 3.5: Polyatomic Ions
- 3.6: Resonance
- 3.7: Electronegativity and the Polar Covalent Bond
- 3.8: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- 3.9: Common Valence States and Ionic Compounds
- 3.10: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
- 3.11: Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds
- 3.S: Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature (Summary)
- 4: The Mole and Measurements in Chemistry
- 5: Chemical Reactions
- 5.1: Chemical Changes and Chemical Reactions
- 5.2: Chemical Equations
- 5.3: Balancing Chemical Equations
- 5.4: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- 5.5: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- 5.6: Predicting Products from Chemical Reactions
- 5.7: Predicting Solubility Trends
- 5.8: The Energetics of Chemical Reactions
- 5.S: Chemical Reactions (Summary)
- 6: Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry
- 7: Aqueous Solutions
- 8: Acids, Bases and pH
- 9: The Gaseous State
- 10: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
- 11: Nuclear Chemistry
- 1: Measurements and Atomic Structure
- Map: Introductory Chemistry (Corwin)
- 1: Introduction to Chemistry
- PSS: Scientific Measurements
- PSS.1: Uncertainty in Measurements
- PSS.2: Significant Digits
- PSS.3: Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits
- PSS.4: Adding and Subtracting Measurements
- PSS.5: Multiplying and Dividing Measurements
- PSS.6: Exponential Numbers
- PSS.7: Scientific Notation
- PSS.8: Unit Equations and Unit Factors
- PSS.9: Unit Analysis Problem Solving
- PSS.10: The Percent Concept
- 2: The Metric System
- 3: Matter and Energy
- 3.10: Conservation of Energy
- 3.E : Matter and Energy (Exercises)
- 3.1: Physical States of Matter
- 3.2: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- 3.3: Names and Symbols of the Elements
- 3.4: Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals
- 3.5: Compounds and Chemical Formulas
- 3.6: Physical and Chemical Properties
- 3.7: Physical and Chemical Changes
- 3.8: Conservation of Mass
- 3.9: Potential and Kinetic Energy
- 4: Models of the Atom
- 4.10: Electron Configuration
- 4.11: Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- 4.E: Models of the Atom (Exercises)
- 4.1: Dalton Model of the Atom
- 4.2: Thomson Model of the Atom
- 4.3: Rutherford Model of the Atom
- 4.4: Atomic Notation
- 4.5: Atomic Mass
- 4.6: The Wave Nature of Light
- 4.7: The Quantum Concept
- 4.8: Bohr Model of the Atom
- 4.9: Energy Levels and Sublevels
- 5: The Periodic Table
- 6: Language of Chemistry
- 7: Chemical Reactions
- 7.10: Double-Replacement Reactions
- 7.11: Neutralization Reactions
- 7.1: Evidence for Chemical Reactions
- 7.2: Writing Chemical Equations
- 7.3: Balancing Chemical Equations
- 7.4: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- 7.5: Combination Reactions
- 7.6: Decomposition Reactions
- 7.7: The Activity Series Concept
- 7.8: Single-Replacement Reactions
- 7.9: Solubility Rules
- 8: The Mole Concept
- 9: Chemical Equation Calculations
- 10.1: Interpreting a Chemical Equation
- 10.2: Mole-Mole Relationships
- 10.3: Types of Stoichiometry Problems
- 10.4: Mass-Mass Problems
- 10.5: Mass-Volume Problems
- 10.6: Volume-Volume Problems
- 10.7: The Limiting Reactant Concept
- 10.8: Limiting Reactant Problems
- 10.9: Percent Yield
- 10.E: Chemical Equation Calculations (Exercises)
- 10: The Gaseous State
- 11.1: Properties of Gases
- 11.2: Atmospheric Pressure
- 11.3: Variables Affecting Gas Pressure
- 11.4: Boyle's Law: Pressure-Volume Relationships
- 11.5: Charles's Law: Volume-Temperature Relationships
- 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationships
- 11.7: Combined Gas Law
- 11.8: The Vapor Pressure Concept
- 11.9: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
- 11.10: Ideal Gas Behavior
- 11.11: Ideal Gas Law
- 11: Liquids and Solids
- 13.1: Properties of Liquids
- 13.2: The Intermolecular Bond Concept
- 13.3: Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity, Surface Tension
- 13.4: Properties of Solids
- 13.5: Crystalline Solids
- 13.6: Changes of Physical State
- 13.7: Structure of Water
- 13.8: Physical Properties of Water
- 13.9: Chemical Properties of Water
- 13.10: Hydrates
- 12: Chemical Bonding
- 13: Solutions
- 14.1: Gases in Solution
- 14.2: Liquids in Solution
- 14.3: Solids in Solution
- 14.4: The Dissolving Process
- 14.5: Rate of Dissolving
- 14.6: Solubility and Temperature
- 14.7: Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
- 14.8: Mass/Mass Percent Concentration
- 14.9: Molar Concentration
- 14.10: Dilution of a Solution
- 14.11: Solution Stoichiometry
- 14: Acids and Bases
- 15.1: Properties of Acids and Bases
- 15.2: Arrhenius Acids and Bases
- 15.3: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- 15.4: Acid-Base Indicators
- 15.5: Acid-Base Titrations
- 15.6: Acid-Base Standardization
- 15.7: Ionization of Water
- 15.8: The pH Concept
- 15.9: Advanced pH Calculations
- 15.10: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
- 15.11: Net Ionic Equations
- 16: Chemical Equilibrium
- 16.1: Collision Theory
- 16.2: Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions
- 16.3: The Chemical Equilibrium Concept
- 16.4: General Equilibrium Constant - \(K_{eq}\)
- 16.5: Equilibria Shifts for Gases
- 16.6: Ionization Equilibrium Constant - \(K_i\)
- 16.7: Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases
- 16.8: Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant - \(K_{sp}\)
- 16.9: Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds
- 17: Oxidation and Reduction
- 18: Nuclear Chemistry
- 19: Organic Chemistry
- 20: Biochemistry
- Book: The Basics of GOB Chemistry (Ball et al.)
- 1: Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
- 2: Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table
- 3: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
- 4: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds
- 4.1: Covalent Bonds
- 4.2: Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names
- 4.3: Multiple Covalent Bonds
- 4.4: Characteristics of Covalent Bonds
- 4.5: Characteristics of Molecules
- 4.6: Organic Chemistry
- 4.E: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Exercises)
- 4.S: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Summary)
- 5: Introduction to Chemical Reactions
- 5.1: The Law of Conservation of Matter
- 5.2: Chemical Equations
- 5.3: Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations
- 5.4: Some Types of Chemical Reactions
- 5.5: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
- 5.6: Redox Reactions in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 5.E: Introduction to Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
- 5.S: Introduction to Chemical Reactions (Summary)
- 6: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
- 7: Energy and Chemical Processes
- 8: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- 9: Solutions
- 10: Acids and Bases
- 11: Nuclear Chemistry
- 12: Organic Chemistry - Alkanes & Halogenated Hydrocarbons
- 12.1: Organic Chemistry
- 12.2: Structures and Names of Alkanes
- 12.3: Branched-Chain Alkanes
- 12.4: Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
- 12.5: IUPAC Nomenclature
- 12.6: Physical Properties of Alkanes
- 12.7: Chemical Properties of Alkanes
- 12.8: Halogenated Hydrocarbons
- 12.9: Cycloalkanes
- 12.E: Organic Chemistry: Alkanes & Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Exercises)
- 12.S: Organic Chemistry: Alkanes & Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Summary)
- 13: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 13.1: Alkenes: Structures and Names
- 13.2: Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
- 13.3: Physical Properties of Alkenes
- 13.4: Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- 13.5: Polymers
- 13.6: Alkynes
- 13.7: Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
- 13.8 Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
- 13.E: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Exercises)
- 13.S: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Summary)
- 14: Organic Compounds of Oxygen
- 14.1: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
- 14.2: Alcohols - Nomenclature and Classification
- 14.3: Physical Properties of Alcohols
- 14.4: Reactions that Form Alcohols
- 14.5: Reactions of Alcohols
- 14.6: Glycols and Glycerol
- 14.7: Phenols
- 14.8: Ethers
- 14.9: Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names
- 14.10: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 14.11: Organic Sulfur Compounds
- 14.E: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Exercises)
- 14.S: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Summary)
- 15: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
- 15.1: Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names
- 15.2: The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
- 15.3: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 15.4: Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
- 15.5: Esters - Structures and Names
- 15.6: Physical Properties of Esters
- 15.7: Preparation of Esters
- 15.8: Hydrolysis of Esters
- 15.9: Esters of Phosphoric Acid
- 15.10: Amines - Structures and Names
- 15.11: Physical Properties of Amines
- 15.12: Amines as Bases
- 15.13: Amides: Structures and Names
- 15.14: Physical Properties of Amides
- 15.15: Formation of Amides
- 15.16: Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
- 15.S: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives (Summary)
- 16: Carbohydrates
- 17: Lipids
- 18: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
- 18.1: Properties of Amino Acids
- 18.2: Reactions of Amino Acids
- 18.3: Peptides
- 18.4: Proteins
- 18.5: Enzymes
- 18.6 Enzyme Action
- 18.7: Enzyme Activity
- 18.8: Enzyme Inhibition
- 18.9: Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
- 18.E: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes (Exercises)
- 18.S: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes (Summary)
- 19: Nucleic Acids
- 20: Energy Metabolism
- 20.0: Introduction to Metabolism
- 20.1: ATP: the Universal Energy Currency
- 20.2: Stage I of Catabolism
- 20.3: Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
- 20.4: Stage III of Catabolism
- 20.5: Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
- 20.6: Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
- 20.7: Stage II of Protein Catabolism
- 20.E: Energy Metabolism (Exercises)
- 20.S: Energy Metabolism (Summary)
- Map: Fundamentals of General Organic & Biological Chemistry (McMurry et al.)
- 1: Matter and Measurements
- 1.1: Chemistry - The Central Science
- 1.2: States of Matter
- 1.3: Classification of Matter
- 1.4: Chemical Elements and Symbols
- 1.5: Elements and the Periodic Table
- 1.6: Chemical Reaction: An Example of a Chemical Change
- 1.7: Physical Quantities
- 1.8: Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume
- 1.9: Measurement and Significant Figures
- 1.10: Scientific Notation
- 1.11: Rounding Off Numbers
- 1.12: Problem Solving - Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers
- 1.13: Temperature, Heat, and Energy
- 1.14: Density and Specific Gravity
- 2: Atoms and the Periodic Table
- 3: Ionic Compounds
- 3.1: Ions
- 3.2: Periodic Properties and Ion Formation
- 3.3: Ionic Bonds
- 3.4: Some Properties of Ionic Compounds
- 3.5: Ions and the Octet Rule
- 3.6: Ions of Some Common Elements
- 3.7: Naming Ions
- 3.8: Polyatomic Ions
- 3.9: Formulas of Ionic Compounds
- 3.10: Naming Ionic Compounds
- 3.11: H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases
- 4: Molecular Compounds
- 4.1: Covalent Bonds
- 4.2: Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table
- 4.3: Multiple Covalent Bonds
- 4.4: Coordinate Covalent Bonds
- 4.5: Characteristics of Molecular Compounds
- 4.6: Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures
- 4.8: The Shapes of Molecules
- 4.9: Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
- 4.10: Polar Molecules
- 4.11: Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
- 5: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions
- 6: Chemical Reactions - Mole and Mass Relationships
- 7: Chemical Reactions - Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium
- 7.1: Energy and Chemical Bonds
- 7.2: Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions
- 7.3: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
- 7.4: Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy
- 7.5: How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates
- 7.6: Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates
- 7.7: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
- 7.8: Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants
- 7.9: Le Châtelier’s Principle - The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria
- 8: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
- 8.1: States of Matter and Their Changes
- 8.2: Intermolecular Forces
- 8.3: Gases and the Kinetic - Molecular Theory
- 8.4: Pressure
- 8.5: Boyle’s Law - The Relation between Volume and Pressure
- 8.6: Charles’s Law - The Relation between Volume and Temperature
- 8.7: Gay-Lussac’s Law - The Relation between Pressure and Temperature
- 8.8: The Combined Gas Law
- 8.9: Avogadro’s Law - The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount
- 8.10: The Ideal Gas Law
- 8.11: Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law
- 8.12: Liquids
- 8.13: Water - A Unique Liquid
- 8.14: Solids
- 8.15: Changes of State
- 9: Solutions
- 9.1: Mixtures and Solutions
- 9.2: The Solution Process
- 9.3: Solid Hydrates
- 9.4: Solubility
- 9.5: The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
- 9.6: The Effect of Pressure on Solubility - Henry’s Law
- 9.7: Units of Concentration
- 9.8: Dilution
- 9.9: Ions in Solution - Electrolytes
- 9.10: Electrolytes in Body Fluids - Equivalents and Milliequivalents
- 9.12: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- 9.13: Dialysis
- 10: Acids and Bases
- 10.1: Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution
- 10.2: Some Common Acids and Bases
- 10.3: The Brønsted—Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases
- 10.4: Acid and Base Strength
- 10.5: Acid Dissociation Constants
- 10.6: Water as Both an Acid and a Base
- 10.7: Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: pH
- 10.8: Working with pH
- 10.9: Laboratory Determination of Acidity
- 10.10: Buffer Solutions
- 10.11: Acid and Base Equivalents
- 10.12: Some Common Acid—Base Reactions
- 10.13: Titration
- 10.14: Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions
- 11: Nuclear Chemistry
- 11.1: Nuclear Reactions
- 11.2: The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity
- 11.3: Stable and Unstable Isotopes
- 11.4: Nuclear Decay
- 11.5: Radioactive Half-Life
- 11.6: Radioactive Decay Series
- 11.7: Ionizing Radiation
- 11.8: Detecting Radiation
- 11.9: Measuring Radiation
- 11.10: Artificial Transmutation
- 11.11: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
- 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
- 12.1: The Nature of Organic Molecules
- 12.2: Families of Organic Molecules - Functional Groups
- 12.3: The Structure of Organic Molecules - Alkanes and Their Isomers
- 12.4: Drawing Organic Structures
- 12.5: The Shapes of Organic Molecules
- 12.6: Naming Alkanes
- 12.7: Properties of Alkanes
- 12.8: Reactions of Alkanes
- 12.9: Cycloalkanes
- 12.10: Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes
- 13: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
- 13.1: Alkenes and Alkynes
- 13.2: Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
- 13.3: The Structure of Alkenes: Cis-Trans Isomerism
- 13.4: Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
- 13.5: Types of Organic Reactions
- 13.6: Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
- 13.7: Alkene Polymers
- 13.8: Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene
- 13.9: Naming Aromatic Compounds
- 13.10: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen
- 15: Amines
- 16: Aldehydes and Ketones
- 17: Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
- 17.1: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names
- 17.2: Some Common Carboxylic Acids
- 17.3: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
- 17.4: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Ester and Amide Formation
- 17.5: Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid
- 17.6: Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides
- 17.7: Polyamides and Polyesters
- 17.8: Phosphoric Acid Derivatives
- 18: Amino Acids and Proteins
- 18.1: An Introduction to Biochemistry
- 18.2: Protein Structure and Function: An Overview
- 18.3: Amino Acids
- 18.4: Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
- 18.5: Handedness
- 18.6: Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids
- 18.7: Primary Protein Structure
- 18.8: Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins
- 18.9: Secondary Protein Structure
- 18.10: Tertiary Protein Structure
- 18.11: Quaternary Protein Structure
- 18.12: Chemical Properties of Proteins
- 19: Enzymes and Vitamins
- 19.1: Catalysis by Enzymes
- 19.2: Enzyme Cofactors
- 19.3: Enzyme Classification
- 19.4: How Enzymes Work
- 19.5: Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity
- 19.6: Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity
- 19.7: Enzyme Regulation - Feedback and Allosteric Control
- 19.8: Enzyme Regulation - Inhibition
- 19.9: Enzyme Regulation - Covalent Modification and Genetic Control
- 19.10: Vitamins and Minerals
- 20: The Generation of Biochemical Energy
- 20.1: Energy and Life
- 20.2: Energy and Biochemical Reactions
- 20.3: Cells and Their Structure
- 20.4: An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production
- 20.5: Strategies of Metabolism - ATP and Energy Transfer
- 20.6: Strategies of Metabolism - Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions
- 20.7: Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes
- 20.8: The Citric Acid Cycle
- 20.9: The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production
- 20.10: Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins
- 21. Carbohydrates
- 21.1: An Introduction to Carbohydrates
- 21.2: Handedness of Carbohydrates
- 21.3: The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules
- 21.4: Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides
- 21.5: Some Important Monosaccharides
- 21.6: Reactions of Monosaccharides
- 21.7: Disaccharides
- 21.8: Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme
- 21.9: Some Important Polysaccharides
- 22: Carbohydrate Metabolism
- 22.1: Digestion of Carbohydrates
- 22.2: Glucose Metabolism - An Overview
- 22.3: Glycolysis
- 22.4: Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis
- 22.5: The Fate of Pyruvate
- 22.6: Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose
- 22.7. Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production
- 22.8: Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation
- 22.9: Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus
- 22.10: Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
- 22.11: Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates
- 23: Lipids
- 23.1: Structure and Classification of Lipids
- 23.2: Fatty Acids and Their Esters
- 23.3: Properties of Fats and Oils
- 23.4: Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
- 23.5: Phospholipids and Glycolipids
- 23.6: Sterols
- 23.7: Structure of Cell Membranes
- 23.8: Transport Across Cell Membranes
- 23.9: Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
- 24: Lipid Metabolism
- 24.1: Digestion of Triacylglycerols
- 24.2: Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport
- 24.3: Triacylglycerol Metabolism - An Overview
- 24.4: Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols
- 24.5: Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- 24.6: Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation
- 24.7: Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis
- 24.8: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
- 25: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
- 25.1: DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes
- 25.2: Composition of Nucleic Acids
- 25.3: The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains
- 25.4: Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model
- 25.5: Nucleic Acids and Heredity
- 25.6: Replication of DNA
- 25.10: Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis
- 25.7: Structure and Function of RNA
- 25.8: Transcription - RNA Synthesis
- 25.9: The Genetic Code
- 26: Genomics
- 27: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
- 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs
- 28.1: Messenger Molecules
- 28.2: Hormones and the Endocrine System
- 28.3: How Hormones Work - Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight
- 28.4: Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones
- 28.5: Steroid Hormones
- 28.6: Neurotransmitters
- 28.7: How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists
- 28.8: Histamine and Antihistamines
- 28.9: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
- 28.10: Neuropeptides and Pain Relief
- 28.11: Drug Discovery and Drug Design
- 29: Body Fluids
- 1: Matter and Measurements
Textbook Maps are an attempt to recreate that for existing textbooks to facilitate adoption. Faculty do not need to recreate the wheel to generate a LibreText for their class and can peruse the existing LibreTexts; then they can be adapted to that instructor’s specific desires.
Book: Beginning Chemistry (Ball)
Map: Introductory Chemistry (Tro)
Book: Introductory Chemistry (CK-12)
Book: Introductory Chemistry Online! (Young)
Map: Introductory Chemistry (Corwin)
Book: The Basics of GOB Chemistry (Ball et al.)
Map: Fundamentals of General Organic & Biological Chemistry (McMurry et al.)