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9.6: In-Text References

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    1. Of course this designation is entirely arbitrary, as backward and forward depend on how the initial reaction is written. ↵
    2. We recognize such evolutionarily conserved processes because they used essentially (but not quite) the same reaction components and strategies. For example, aerobic respiration (whether in bacteria, potatoes, or humans) uses a structurally similar membrane system to transfer electrons from molecule to molecule (redox reaction). This generates an \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) gradient then used by a rotatory protein “generator” to synthesize \(\mathrm{ATP}\). ↵
    3. Amino acid chains are referred to as polypeptides; a protein is a functional unit, which can be composed of multiple polypeptides and non-polypeptide components such as heme groups. ↵
    4. http://benbleasdaleblogs.wordpress.c...ide-your-nose/ ↵
    5. This binding site can also be occupied by other types of molecules, in particular carbon monoxide (\(\mathrm{CO}\)). Because the binding of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to hemoglobin is much weaker and less stable than the \(\mathrm{CO}^{-}\) hemoglobin interaction, exposure to \(\mathrm{CO}\) blocks \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) transport through the body, leading to suffocation. ↵
    6. An explanation of how to do this is provided in the supplementary materials. ↵
    7. It is always important to keep in mind that even though we write reaction equations with “sides” – product and reactant – in fact all these species are present in the same reaction vessel. ↵
    8. By adding a small amount of solute (rather than a volume of solution) we will not significantly affect the volume of the solution - which will make determining the concentration easier. ↵
    9. You might wonder why the amide nitrogen is not basic - even though it appears to have a lone pair of electrons. However these electrons are not available for donation because they are conjugated (interacting) with the \(\mathrm{C=O}\) group. You will have to wait until organic chemistry to hear more on this fascinating topic ↵
    10. calculated from \(\Delta \mathrm{G}^{\circ} = –\mathrm{RT} \ln \mathrm{K}\) at physiologycal temperature \(37 { }^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) ↵
    11. This occurs primarily because \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) is in short supply and the aerobic respiration reaction cannot proceed to completion. ↵
    12. Guyenet et al, 2010. Central \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) chemoreception and the integrated neural mechanisms of cardiovascular and respiratory control. J. Appl. Physiol. [online] 2010. 108, 995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075262. ↵
    13. Although it does not explain why we would want to exercise in the first place. ↵
    14. Adapted from Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences by Raymond Chang [complete citation] ↵

    This page titled 9.6: In-Text References is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Melanie M. Cooper & Michael W. Klymkowsky via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.