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2.4: Beyond Bohr

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/02%3A_Electrons_and_Orbitals/2.4%3A_Beyond_Bohr

According to the uncertainty principle, we can estimate the uncertainty in a measurement using the formula

$\Delta m v \times \Delta x> \frac{h}{2 \pi}$ , where

$\Delta mv$ is the uncertainty in th...According to the uncertainty principle, we can estimate the uncertainty in a measurement using the formula

$\Delta m v \times \Delta x> \frac{h}{2 \pi}$ , where

$\Delta mv$ is the uncertainty in the momentum of the particle (mass times velocity or where it is going and how fast),

$\Delta x$ is the uncertainty in its position in space (where it is at a particular moment), and

$h$ is Planck’s constant now divided by

$2 \pi$ .

Chapter 5: Systems Thinking

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/05%3A_Systems_Thinking

The total energy of the interacting atoms (the system) can decrease if it is transferred to the surroundings, usually by collisions with other molecules or atoms but the emission of a photon is also p...The total energy of the interacting atoms (the system) can decrease if it is transferred to the surroundings, usually by collisions with other molecules or atoms but the emission of a photon is also possible. If you know the temperature at which phase changes occur in a material (solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.), you can make predictions about how much energy is required to overcome the interactions between the particles that make up the material.

Chapter 9: Reaction Systems

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/09%3A_Reaction_Systems

In this chapter, we examine a range of complex systems and consider how living systems keep the concentration of important chemical species at a reasonable level (for example, by buffering the \(\math...In this chapter, we examine a range of complex systems and consider how living systems keep the concentration of important chemical species at a reasonable level (for example, by buffering the

$\mathrm{pH}$ ); how they use differences in concentrations of chemical species to drive cellular processes (like thought); and how reactions that release energy (by forming more stable compounds with stronger bonds) can be coupled to reactions that require energy in order to occur.

8.5: Equilibrium

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/08%3A_How_Far_How_Fast/8.5%3A_Equilibrium

The

$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ term in the reactants can be omitted even though it participates in the reaction, because it is a pure liquid and its concentration does not change appreciably during ...The

$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ term in the reactants can be omitted even though it participates in the reaction, because it is a pure liquid and its concentration does not change appreciably during the reaction. (Can you calculate the concentration of pure water?) We already know that a

$0.10-\mathrm{M}$ solution of

$\mathrm{AcOH}$ has a

$\mathrm{pH}$ of

$2.9$ , so we can use this experimentally-determined data to calculate the equilibrium constant for a solution of acetic acid.

1.8: Interactions Between Helium Atoms and Hydrogen Molecules

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/01%3A_Atoms/1.8%3A_Interactions_Between_Helium_Atoms_and_Hydrogen_Molecules

In the case of

$\mathrm{He}$ the drop in potential energy due to the interaction is quite small, that is, the stabilization due to the interaction, and it does not take much energy to knock the two ...In the case of

$\mathrm{He}$ the drop in potential energy due to the interaction is quite small, that is, the stabilization due to the interaction, and it does not take much energy to knock the two atoms apart. To understand the answers to these questions, we need to consider how the structure of atoms differs between the different elements, which is the subject of the next chapter.

Preface to the Reader

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Chapter_8%3A_Preface_to_the_Reader

Critical to the success of this approach is time: the time required to understand what students think before, during, and after reading the text and working with the applets and activities; the time r...Critical to the success of this approach is time: the time required to understand what students think before, during, and after reading the text and working with the applets and activities; the time required for students to recognize and talk about their assumptions; the time required to listen to them, to ask them what, exactly, they mean, and for them to explain, analyze, and where appropriate reconsider, their ideas.

7.5: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/07%3A_A_Field_Guide_to_Chemical_Reactions/7.5%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions

The reactants contain only pure covalent (

$\mathrm{H—H}$ and

$\mathrm{O—O}$ ) bonds, but in the product (

$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ) the bonds are polarized:

$\mathrm{H} \delta +$ and \(\mathrm...The reactants contain only pure covalent (

$\mathrm{H—H}$ and

$\mathrm{O—O}$ ) bonds, but in the product (

$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ) the bonds are polarized:

$\mathrm{H} \delta +$ and

$\mathrm{O} \delta -$ (recall that oxygen is a highly electronegative atom because of its highly effective nuclear charge.) There is a shift in overall electron density towards the oxygen.

4.6: Ionic Bonding

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/04%3A_Heterogeneous_Compounds/4.6%3A_Ionic_Bonding

For the sake of simplicity we will confine ourselves (for the moment) to binary compounds (compounds with only two elements in them.) The most familiar of these compounds is sodium chloride (\(\mathrm...For the sake of simplicity we will confine ourselves (for the moment) to binary compounds (compounds with only two elements in them.) The most familiar of these compounds is sodium chloride (

$\mathrm{NaCl}$ ), common table salt.

$\mathrm{NaCl}$ is a continuous compound that extends in three-dimensional array much like diamond (see Chapter

$3$ .)

$\mathrm{NaCl}$ is a solid at room temperature, with a very high melting point (

$801 { }^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ ), similar to the melting points of …

8.4: Catalysis

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/08%3A_How_Far_How_Fast/8.4%3A_Catalysis

The transition metal has empty

$\mathrm{d}$ orbitals that interact with the

$\mathrm{C=C}$ bond’s pi orbital, destabilizing the pi bond and making it more susceptible to reaction. \(\mathrm{H}_{2}...The transition metal has empty

$\mathrm{d}$ orbitals that interact with the

$\mathrm{C=C}$ bond’s pi orbital, destabilizing the pi bond and making it more susceptible to reaction.

$\mathrm{H}_{2}$ molecules also adsorb onto (interact with) the surface of the transition metal and insert themselves between the

$C$ and the catalyst, forming a fully-hydrogenated fat.

4.7: In-Text References

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/04%3A_Heterogeneous_Compounds/4.7%3A_In-Text_References

Chemists are not being unnecessarily difficult; anatomists also have a very strict set of names for the various bones and nerves in the body, in part to avoid confusion during medical procedures. ↵ An...Chemists are not being unnecessarily difficult; anatomists also have a very strict set of names for the various bones and nerves in the body, in part to avoid confusion during medical procedures. ↵ Another way to talk about polarity is to say the bond (or molecule) has a dipole moment (unit Debye)- that is the magnitude of the charges

$\times$ distance separating them. ↵ It is worth keeping in mind the distinction between the molecules a substance is composed of, and the substance itself.

3.3: Carbon: An Amazingly Allotropic Element

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/03%3A_Elements_Bonding_and_Physical_Properties/3.3%3A_Carbon%3A_An_Amazingly_Allotropic_Element

The energy different between these orbitals is not large and electrons can move from one to the other, allowing the movement of electrons throughout the whole sheet of graphite, which gives it many of...The energy different between these orbitals is not large and electrons can move from one to the other, allowing the movement of electrons throughout the whole sheet of graphite, which gives it many of the properties that we associate with metals.

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