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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/08%3A_Conjugated_compounds_and_aromaticityRecall that π bonds can be considered as the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals, so that the electron density lies above and below the plane of the rest of the molecule. Recall that when molecul...Recall that π bonds can be considered as the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals, so that the electron density lies above and below the plane of the rest of the molecule. Recall that when molecular orbitals are formed from atomic orbitals (AOs), if the (quantum mechanical) wave functions add in phase, the resulting energy of the MO is lower—that is, the interaction is stabilizing and the MOs are bonding MOs.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/02%3A_Electrons_and_Orbitals/2.4%3A_Beyond_BohrAccording to the uncertainty principle, we can estimate the uncertainty in a measurement using the formula Δmv×Δx>h2π, where Δmv is the uncertainty in th...According to the uncertainty principle, we can estimate the uncertainty in a measurement using the formula Δmv×Δx>h2π, where Δmv is the uncertainty in the momentum of the particle (mass times velocity or where it is going and how fast), Δx is the uncertainty in its position in space (where it is at a particular moment), and h is Planck’s constant now divided by 2π.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/05%3A_Systems_ThinkingThe total energy of the interacting atoms (the system) can decrease if it is transferred to the surroundings, usually by collisions with other molecules or atoms but the emission of a photon is also p...The total energy of the interacting atoms (the system) can decrease if it is transferred to the surroundings, usually by collisions with other molecules or atoms but the emission of a photon is also possible. If you know the temperature at which phase changes occur in a material (solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.), you can make predictions about how much energy is required to overcome the interactions between the particles that make up the material.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/02%3A_Spectroscopy-_how_we_know_what_we_know_about_the_structure_of_matter/2.02%3A_UV-Vis_Spectroscopy_and_Chormophores_-_or_Why_are_Carrots_OrangeThe more pi MO’s there are, the more the energy gap between these orbital decreases; that is, the less energy (longer wavelength light) is needed to move an electron from a pi to pi* orbital . In the ...The more pi MO’s there are, the more the energy gap between these orbital decreases; that is, the less energy (longer wavelength light) is needed to move an electron from a pi to pi* orbital . In the case of network substances like graphite and metals, the energy gap between the orbitals becomes negligible, and we think of the bonding model as a band of molecular orbitals.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/09%3A_Reaction_SystemsIn this chapter, we examine a range of complex systems and consider how living systems keep the concentration of important chemical species at a reasonable level (for example, by buffering the \(\math...In this chapter, we examine a range of complex systems and consider how living systems keep the concentration of important chemical species at a reasonable level (for example, by buffering the pH); how they use differences in concentrations of chemical species to drive cellular processes (like thought); and how reactions that release energy (by forming more stable compounds with stronger bonds) can be coupled to reactions that require energy in order to occur.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/09%3A_A_return_to_the_carbonyl/9.06%3A_Michael_ReactionsThese conjugated carbonyl groups can undergo nucleophilic attack at either the carbonyl carbon or at the β carbon, depending on the nature of the nucleophile. For example: highly reactive (or ...These conjugated carbonyl groups can undergo nucleophilic attack at either the carbonyl carbon or at the β carbon, depending on the nature of the nucleophile. For example: highly reactive (or “hard”) nucleophiles like Grignards or alkyl lithiums tend to react at the carbonyl carbon, while less reactive (soft) nucleophiles like dialkyl cuprates or reversible nucleophiles like amines or alcohols tend react at the β carbon.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/08%3A_How_Far_How_Fast/8.5%3A_EquilibriumThe H2O term in the reactants can be omitted even though it participates in the reaction, because it is a pure liquid and its concentration does not change appreciably during ...The H2O term in the reactants can be omitted even though it participates in the reaction, because it is a pure liquid and its concentration does not change appreciably during the reaction. (Can you calculate the concentration of pure water?) We already know that a 0.10−M solution of AcOH has a pH of 2.9, so we can use this experimentally-determined data to calculate the equilibrium constant for a solution of acetic acid.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californ...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/05%3A_Alkenes_and_AlkynesSuch electrophilic carbons can undergo nucleophilicsubstitution or elimination reactions, or both, depending upon the structures of the reacting molecules, the strength of the nucleophile, and the typ...Such electrophilic carbons can undergo nucleophilicsubstitution or elimination reactions, or both, depending upon the structures of the reacting molecules, the strength of the nucleophile, and the type of solvent in which the reaction occurs. The carbons are sp-hybridized and the molecule is linear in the region of the triple bond; again rotation around a triple bond is constrained—two pi bonds must be broken for it to occur (which requires an input of energy).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/01%3A_Atoms/1.8%3A_Interactions_Between_Helium_Atoms_and_Hydrogen_MoleculesIn the case of He the drop in potential energy due to the interaction is quite small, that is, the stabilization due to the interaction, and it does not take much energy to knock the two ...In the case of He the drop in potential energy due to the interaction is quite small, that is, the stabilization due to the interaction, and it does not take much energy to knock the two atoms apart. To understand the answers to these questions, we need to consider how the structure of atoms differs between the different elements, which is the subject of the next chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Chapter_8%3A_Preface_to_the_ReaderCritical to the success of this approach is time: the time required to understand what students think before, during, and after reading the text and working with the applets and activities; the time r...Critical to the success of this approach is time: the time required to understand what students think before, during, and after reading the text and working with the applets and activities; the time required for students to recognize and talk about their assumptions; the time required to listen to them, to ask them what, exactly, they mean, and for them to explain, analyze, and where appropriate reconsider, their ideas.
