10: Acid-Base Equilibria
This chapter will illustrate the chemistry of acid-base reactions and equilibria, and provide you with tools for quantifying the concentrations of acids and bases in solutions.
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- 10.1: Introduction to Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- This chapter will illustrate the chemistry of acid-base reactions and equilibria, and provide you with tools for quantifying the concentrations of acids and bases in solutions. Compounds that donate a proton (a hydrogen ion) to another compound is called a Brønsted-Lowry acid. The compound that accepts the proton is called a Brønsted-Lowry base. The species remaining after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has lost a proton is the conjugate base of the acid. The species formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base gai
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- 10.2: pH, pOH, and Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
- The concentration of hydronium ion in a solution of an acid in water is greater than 1.0×10⁻⁷M at 25 °C. The concentration of hydroxide ion in a solution of a base in water is greater than 1.0×10⁻⁷M M at 25 °C. The concentration of H₃O⁺ in a solution can be expressed as the pH of the solution; pH=−log H₃O⁺. The concentration of OH⁻ can be expressed as the pOH of the solution: pOH=−log[OH⁻].
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- 10.3: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
- The characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry acids are due to the presence of hydronium ions; those of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry bases are due to the presence of hydroxide ions. The neutralization that occurs when aqueous solutions of acids and bases are combined results from the reaction of the hydronium and hydroxide ions to form water. Some salts formed in neutralization reactions may make the product solutions slightly acidic or slightly basic.
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- 10.4: Buffers
- A solution containing a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base, or of a base and its conjugate acid, is called a buffer solution. Unlike in the case of an acid, base, or salt solution, the hydronium ion concentration of a buffer solution does not change greatly when a small amount of acid or base is added to the buffer solution. The base (or acid) in the buffer reacts with the added acid (or base).