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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/Widener_University%3A_Chem_135/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.E%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry-_HomeworkEnd of chapter homework problems for Chapter \PageIndex1.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/Widener_University%3A_Chem_135/11%3A_Appendices/11.07%3A_Units_and_Conversion_Factors= 0.001 m 3 (exact, definition) = 1000 cm 3 (exact, definition) = 1.057 (US) quarts = 32 (US) liquid ounces (exact, definition) = 0.25 (US) gallon (exact, definition) = 0.9463 L = N m –2 (exact, defin...= 0.001 m 3 (exact, definition) = 1000 cm 3 (exact, definition) = 1.057 (US) quarts = 32 (US) liquid ounces (exact, definition) = 0.25 (US) gallon (exact, definition) = 0.9463 L = N m –2 (exact, definition) = kg m –1 s –2 (exact, definition) = 760 mm Hg (exact, definition) = 760 torr (exact, definition) = 101,325 N m –2 (exact, definition) = 101,325 Pa (exact, definition) = 10 5 Pa (exact, definition) = 10 5 kg m –1 s –2 (exact, definition)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/Widener_University%3A_Chem_135/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.02%3A_MeasurementsMeasurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be repr...Measurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be represented in either decimal or scientific notation. Scientists primarily use the SI (International System) or metric systems. We use base SI units such as meters, seconds, and kilograms, as well as derived units, such as liters (for volume) and g/cm3 (for density).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry__I/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Larsen)/Text/04%3A_Postulates_and_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics/4.E%3A_Postulates_and_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics_(Exercises)These are homework exercises to accompany the chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry__I/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Larsen)/Text/04%3A_Postulates_and_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics/4.03%3A_Observable_Quantities_Must_Be_Eigenvalues_of_Quantum_Mechanical_OperatorsIt is a general principle of Quantum Mechanics that there is an operator for every physical observable. A physical observable is anything that can be measured. If the wavefunction that describes a sys...It is a general principle of Quantum Mechanics that there is an operator for every physical observable. A physical observable is anything that can be measured. If the wavefunction that describes a system is an eigenfunction of an operator, then the value of the associated observable is extracted from the eigenfunction by operating on the eigenfunction with the appropriate operator. The value of the observable for the system is the eigenvalue, and the system is said to be in an eigenstate.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry__I/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Larsen)/Text/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.04%3A_An_Electron_Has_An_Intrinsic_Spin_Angular_MomentumSpin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classica...Spin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classical angular momentum of orbital revolution. The existence of spin angular momentum is inferred from the Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which particles are observed to possess angular momentum that cannot be accounted for by orbital angular momentum alone.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry__I/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Larsen)/Text/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.09%3A_Multi-electron_Considerations_-_A_Closer_Look_at_HeliumThis page addresses the electronic wavefunctions of the helium atom. The discussion of singlet and triplet states are introduced. The energies of these states are explained within a variation method a...This page addresses the electronic wavefunctions of the helium atom. The discussion of singlet and triplet states are introduced. The energies of these states are explained within a variation method and perturbation approaches - with an emphasis on exchange energies (a consequence of indistinguishability of electrons). Degeneracy (multiplicity) is discussed resulting in predicted fine-structure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/Widener_University%3A_Chem_135/09%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/9.02%3A_Multiple_BondsMultiple bonds consist of a σ bond located along the axis between two atoms and one or two π bonds. The σ bonds are usually formed by the overlap of hybridized atomic orbitals, while the π bonds are f...Multiple bonds consist of a σ bond located along the axis between two atoms and one or two π bonds. The σ bonds are usually formed by the overlap of hybridized atomic orbitals, while the π bonds are formed by the side-by-side overlap of unhybridized orbitals. Resonance occurs when there are multiple unhybridized orbitals with the appropriate alignment to overlap, so the placement of π bonds can vary.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.E%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_(Exercises)These are the homework exercises to accompany Chapter 8 of the Textmap for Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry (Roberts and Caserio).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/CHEM_145%3A_FA22_Van_Bramer/03%3A_Composition_of_Substances_and_SolutionsQuantitative aspects of the composition of substances and mixtures are the subject of this chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/CHEM_145%3A_FA22_Van_Bramer/07%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Periodic_Properties/7.02%3A_The_Bohr_ModelBohr incorporated Planck’s and Einstein’s quantization ideas into a model of the hydrogen atom that resolved the paradox of atom stability and discrete spectra. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom exp...Bohr incorporated Planck’s and Einstein’s quantization ideas into a model of the hydrogen atom that resolved the paradox of atom stability and discrete spectra. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom explains the connection between the quantization of photons and the quantized emission from atoms. Bohr described the hydrogen atom in terms of an electron moving in a circular orbit about a nucleus. He postulated that the electron was restricted to certain orbits characterized by discrete energies.
