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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CHEM_107_-_General_Chemistry_for_Applied_Sciences/CHEM_107_General_Chemistry_for_Applied_Sciences/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.1%3A_Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry_Acids_and_BasesCompounds that donate a proton (a hydrogen ion) to another compound is called a Brønsted-Lowry acid. The compound that accepts the proton is called a Brønsted-Lowry base. The species remaining after a...Compounds that donate a proton (a hydrogen ion) to another compound is called a Brønsted-Lowry acid. The compound that accepts the proton is called a Brønsted-Lowry base. The species remaining after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has lost a proton is the conjugate base of the acid. The species formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base gains a proton is the conjugate acid of the base. Amphiprotic species can act as both proton donors and proton acceptors. Water is the most important amphiprotic species.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/Widener_University%3A_Chem_135/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.02%3A_MeasurementsMeasurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be repr...Measurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be represented in either decimal or scientific notation. Scientists primarily use the SI (International System) or metric systems. We use base SI units such as meters, seconds, and kilograms, as well as derived units, such as liters (for volume) and g/cm3 (for density).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Foundations_-_Review_Source_for_Chem_101A/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_PropertiesAll substances have distinct physical and chemical properties, and may undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical properties, such as hardness and boiling point, and physical changes, such as melt...All substances have distinct physical and chemical properties, and may undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical properties, such as hardness and boiling point, and physical changes, such as melting or freezing, do not involve a change in the composition of matter. Chemical properties, such flammability and acidity, and chemical changes, such as rusting, involve production of matter that differs from that present beforehand.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Foundations_-_Review_Source_for_Chem_101A/03%3A_Composition_of_Substances_and_SolutionsQuantitative aspects of the composition of substances and mixtures are the subject of this chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Chemistry_101A/Foundations/1%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.04%3A_MeasurementsMeasurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be repr...Measurements provide quantitative information that is critical in studying and practicing chemistry. Each measurement has an amount, a unit for comparison, and an uncertainty. Measurements can be represented in either decimal or scientific notation. Scientists primarily use the SI (International System) or metric systems. We use base SI units such as meters, seconds, and kilograms, as well as derived units, such as liters (for volume) and g/cm3 (for density).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Chemistry_101A/Foundations/1%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry/1.02%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_MatterMatter is anything that occupies space and has mass. The basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other el...Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. The basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other elements. In many substances, atoms are combined into molecules. On earth, matter commonly exists in three states: solids, of fixed shape and volume; liquids, of variable shape but fixed volume; and gases, of variable shape and volume.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Foundations_-_Review_Source_for_Chem_101A/03%3A_Composition_of_Substances_and_Solutions/3.03%3A_MolaritySolutions are homogeneous mixtures. Many solutions contain one component, called the solvent, in which other components, called solutes, are dissolved. An aqueous solution is one for which the solvent...Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Many solutions contain one component, called the solvent, in which other components, called solutes, are dissolved. An aqueous solution is one for which the solvent is water. The concentration of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of solute in a given amount of solution. Concentrations may be measured using various units, with one very useful unit being molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/CCSF_Chemistry_Resources/01%3A_CHE_101_-_Introduction_to_General_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Chemical_Reactions/1.3.00%3A_Writing_and_Balancing_Chemical_EquationsChemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are se...Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those whose coefficients result in equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactants and products.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lakehead_University/CHEM_1110_1130/13%3A_Kinetics/13.5%3A_Integrated_Rate_LawsDifferential rate laws can be determined by the method of initial rates or other methods. We measure values for the initial rates of a reaction at different concentrations of the reactants. From these...Differential rate laws can be determined by the method of initial rates or other methods. We measure values for the initial rates of a reaction at different concentrations of the reactants. From these measurements, we determine the order of the reaction in each reactant. Integrated rate laws are determined by integration of the corresponding differential rate laws. Rate constants for those rate laws are determined from measurements of concentration at various times during a reaction.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lakehead_University/CHEM_1110_1130/05%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/5.7%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_PolarityVSEPR theory predicts the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It states that valence electrons will assume an electron-pair geometry that minimizes repulsions between areas of high e...VSEPR theory predicts the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It states that valence electrons will assume an electron-pair geometry that minimizes repulsions between areas of high electron density (bonds and/or lone pairs). Molecular structure, which refers only to the placement of atoms in a molecule and not the electrons, is equivalent to electron-pair geometry only when there are no lone electron pairs around the central atom.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lakehead_University/CHEM_1110_1130/13%3A_Kinetics/13.7%3A_Reaction_MechanismsThe sequence of individual steps, or elementary reactions, by which reactants are converted into products during the course of a reaction is called the reaction mechanism. The overall rate of a reacti...The sequence of individual steps, or elementary reactions, by which reactants are converted into products during the course of a reaction is called the reaction mechanism. The overall rate of a reaction is determined by the rate of the slowest step, called the rate-determining step. Unimolecular elementary reactions have first-order rate laws, while bimolecular elementary reactions have second-order rate laws.
