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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/10%3A_Appendices/10.04%3A_Composition_of_Commercial_Acids_and_BasesComposition of Commercial Acids and Bases 1 Acids and bases are commercially available as aqueous solutions. This table lists properties (densities and concentrations) of common acid and base solution...Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases 1 Acids and bases are commercially available as aqueous solutions. This table lists properties (densities and concentrations) of common acid and base solutions. Nominal values are provided in cases where the manufacturer cites a range of concentrations and densities. In the case of this table, specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of pure water at the same conditions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_IonsThis chapter will describe some of the fundamental chemical principles related to the composition of matter, including those central to the concept of molecular identity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/09%3A_Acid-Base_Chemistry/9.04%3A_Hydrolysis_of_Salt_SolutionsThe characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry acids are due to the presence of hydronium ions; those of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry bases are due to the presence of hydr...The characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry acids are due to the presence of hydronium ions; those of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry bases are due to the presence of hydroxide ions. The neutralization that occurs when aqueous solutions of acids and bases are combined results from the reaction of the hydronium and hydroxide ions to form water. Some salts formed in neutralization reactions may make the product solutions slightly acidic or slightly basic.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_SolidsThe great distances between atoms and molecules in a gaseous phase, and the corresponding absence of any significant interactions between them, allows for simple descriptions of many physical properti...The great distances between atoms and molecules in a gaseous phase, and the corresponding absence of any significant interactions between them, allows for simple descriptions of many physical properties that are the same for all gases, regardless of their chemical identities. As described in the final module of the chapter on gases, this situation changes at high pressures and low temperatures—conditions that permit the atoms and molecules to interact to a much greater extent.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/13%3A_Fundamental_Equilibrium_Concepts/13.E%3A_Fundamental_Equilibrium_Concepts_(Exercises)These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In a...These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In addition to these publicly available questions, access to private problems bank for use in exams and homework is available to faculty only on an individual basis; please contact Delmar Larsen for an account with access permission.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/04%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Chemical_Reactions/4.00%3A_IntroductionThis chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the ...This chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the quantitative relations between the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions—that is, the reaction stoichiometry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.03%3A_Spectroscopic_and_Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_CompoundsCrystal field theory, which assumes that metal–ligand interactions are only electrostatic in nature, explains many important properties of transition-metal complexes, including their colors, magnetism...Crystal field theory, which assumes that metal–ligand interactions are only electrostatic in nature, explains many important properties of transition-metal complexes, including their colors, magnetism, structures, stability, and reactivity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/17%3A_ElectrochemistryElectrochemistry deals with chemical reactions that produce electricity and the changes associated with the passage of electrical current through matter. The reactions involve electron transfer, and s...Electrochemistry deals with chemical reactions that produce electricity and the changes associated with the passage of electrical current through matter. The reactions involve electron transfer, and so they are oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions. Many metals may be purified or electroplated using electrochemical methods.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/7.00%3A_IntroductionIt has long been known that pure carbon occurs in different forms (allotropes) including graphite and diamonds. But it was not until 1985 that a new form of carbon was recognized: buckminsterfullerene...It has long been known that pure carbon occurs in different forms (allotropes) including graphite and diamonds. But it was not until 1985 that a new form of carbon was recognized: buckminsterfullerene, commonly known as a “buckyball.” Experimental evidence revealed the formula, C60, and then scientists determined how 60 carbon atoms could form one symmetric, stable molecule. They were guided by bonding theory—the topic of this chapter—which explains how individual atoms connect to form more comp
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.04%3A_Potential_Free_Energy_and_EquilibriumElectrical work is the negative of the product of the total charge (Q) and the cell potential (Ecell). The total charge can be calculated as the number of moles of electrons (n) times the Faraday cons...Electrical work is the negative of the product of the total charge (Q) and the cell potential (Ecell). The total charge can be calculated as the number of moles of electrons (n) times the Faraday constant (F = 96,485 C/mol e−). Electrical work is the maximum work that the system can produce and so is equal to the change in free energy. Thus, anything that can be done with or to a free energy change can also be done to or with a cell potential.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenStax)/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.05%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_CellsBatteries are galvanic cells, or a series of cells, that produce an electric current. When cells are combined into batteries, the potential of the battery is an integer multiple of the potential of a ...Batteries are galvanic cells, or a series of cells, that produce an electric current. When cells are combined into batteries, the potential of the battery is an integer multiple of the potential of a single cell. There are two basic types of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary batteries are “single use” and cannot be recharged. Dry cells and (most) alkaline batteries are examples of primary batteries. The second type is rechargeable and is called a secondary battery.
