4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
This chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the quantitative relations between the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions—that is, the reaction stoichiometry .
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- 4.1: Prelude to Stoichiometry
- This chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the quantitative relations between the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions—that is, the reaction stoichiometry.
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- 4.2: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
- Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those whose coefficients result in equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactants and products.
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- 4.3: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior. This section will help you to differentiate between the different types of reactions which we commonly see in CHEM 145. You will also learn to write balanced equations for single and double replacement reactions.
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- 4.4: Predicting the Solubility of Ionic Compounds (Video)
- This video discusses how to predict if a given ionic compound is soluble or insoluble in water. Solubility rules make these prediction based on the species making up the ionic compound. If the ionic compound is soluble it will disassociate in water to form strong electrolyte aqueous solution.
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- 4.5: Determining the Products for Precipitation Reactions (Video)
- During a precipitation reaction ions of two soluble ionic compounds recombine to form an insoluble ionic compound and a precipitate (solid) forms. This video discusses how to determining the molecular formula of the precipitate given the ionic species present in the reactants.
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- 4.6: Determining the Net Ionic Equation for a Precipitation Reaction (Video)
- During a precipitation reaction the ions of two soluble ionic compounds recombine to form an insoluble ionic compound and a precipitate (solid) forms. This video discusses how to determining the net ionic equation for a precipitation reaction.
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- 4.7: Reaction Stoichiometry
- A balanced chemical equation may be used to describe a reaction’s stoichiometry (the relationships between amounts of reactants and products). Coefficients from the equation are used to derive stoichiometric factors that subsequently may be used for computations relating reactant and product masses, molar amounts, and other quantitative properties.
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- 4.8: Reaction Yields
- When reactions are carried out using less-than-stoichiometric quantities of reactants, the amount of product generated will be determined by the limiting reactant. The amount of product generated by a chemical reaction is its actual yield, which is often less than the amount of product predicted by the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation representing the reaction (theoretical yield). The extent to which a reaction generates the theoretical amount is expressed as its percent yield.
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- 4.9: Finding Mols and Masses of Reactants and Products Using Stoichiometric Factors (Video)
- This video discusses finding the moles and masses of reactants and products of a reaction by using stoichiometric factors (Mole Ratios). A reaction's stoichiometry can be used to create mole ratio conversion factor which link reactants and products. These types of calculation are a simplified version of the Limiting Reactant Problems which will come later.
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- 4.10: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
- The stoichiometry of chemical reactions may serve as the basis for quantitative chemical analysis methods. Titrations involve measuring the volume of a titrant solution required to completely react with a sample solution. This volume is then used to calculate the concentration of analyte in the sample using the stoichiometry of the titration reaction. Gravimetric analysis involves separating analytes from the sample, determining its mass, and then calculating its concentration.
Contributors and Attributions
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Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110 ).