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4.2: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

  • Page ID
    340391
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    Learning Objectives

    • Explain why the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than those of ethers and alkanes of similar molar masses but lower than those of comparable alcohols.
    • Compare the solubilities in water of aldehydes and ketones of four or fewer carbon atoms with the solubilities of comparable alkanes and alcohols.
    • Describe some of the uses of common aldehydes and ketones.

     

    The carbon-oxygen double bond is quite polar, more polar than a carbon-oxygen single bond. The electronegative oxygen atom has a much greater attraction for the bonding electron pairs than does the carbon atom. The carbon atom has a partial positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge:

    carbonyl group with dipole and partial charges

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Polarity of the carbonyl group.

     

    In aldehydes and ketones, this charge separation leads to dipole-dipole interactions that are great enough to significantly affect the boiling points. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that the polar single bonds in ethers have little such effect, whereas hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules is even stronger.

     

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Boiling Points of Compounds Having Similar Molar Masses but Different Types of Intermolecular Forces

    Compound Family

    Molar Mass

    (g/mol)

    Type of Intermolecular Forces Boiling Point (°C)
    CH3CH2CH2CH3 alkane 58 dispersion only –1
    CH3OCH2CH3 ether 60 weak dipole 6
    CH3CH2CHO aldehyde 58 strong dipole 49
    CH3CH2CH2OH alcohol 60 hydrogen bonding 97

     

    Formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature. Acetaldehyde boils at 20°C; in an open vessel, it boils away in a warm room. Most other common aldehydes are liquids at room temperature.

     

    Although the lower members of the homologous series have pungent odors, many higher aldehydes have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and artificial flavorings. As for the ketones, acetone has a pleasant odor, but most of the higher homologs have rather bland odors.

     

    The oxygen atom of the carbonyl group engages in hydrogen bonding with a water molecule.

    hydrogen bonding.jpg

    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl and water.

     

    The solubility of aldehydes is therefore about the same as that of alcohols and ethers. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone are soluble in water. As the carbon chain increases in length, solubility in water decreases. The borderline of solubility occurs at about four carbon atoms per oxygen atom. All aldehydes and ketones are soluble in organic solvents and, in general, are less dense than water.

     

    Some Common Carbonyl Compounds

    Formaldehyde has an irritating odor. Because of its reactivity, it is difficult to handle in the gaseous state. For many uses, it is therefore dissolved in water and sold as a 37% to 40% aqueous solution called formalin. Formaldehyde denatures proteins, rendering them insoluble in water and resistant to bacterial decay. For this reason, formalin is used in embalming solutions and in preserving biological specimens.

    Aldehydes are the active components in many other familiar substances. Large quantities of formaldehyde are used to make phenol-formaldehyde resins for gluing the wood sheets in plywood and as adhesives in other building materials. Sometimes the formaldehyde escapes from the materials and causes health problems in some people. While some people seem unaffected, others experience coughing, wheezing, eye irritation, and other symptoms.
     

    The odor of green leaves is due in part to a carbonyl compound, cis-3-hexenal, which with related compounds is used to impart a “green” herbal odor to shampoos and other products.


    Acetaldehyde is an extremely volatile, colorless liquid. It is a starting material for the preparation of many other organic compounds. Acetaldehyde is formed as a metabolite in the fermentation of sugars and in the detoxification of alcohol in the liver. Aldehydes are the active components of many other familiar materials (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)).

    14.6.jpg

    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) Some common carbonyl-containing compounds. (a) Benzaldehyde is an oil found in almonds; (b) cinnamaldehyde is oil of cinnamon; (c) vanillin gives vanilla its flavor; (d) cis-3-hexenal provides an herbal odor; and (e) trans-2-cis-6-nonadienal gives a cucumber odor.

     

    Acetone is the simplest and most important ketone. Because it is miscible (mixes with) with water as well as with most organic solvents, its chief use is as an industrial solvent (for example, for paints and lacquers). It is also the chief ingredient in some brands of nail polish remover.

     

    To Your Health: Acetone in Blood, Urine, and Breath

    Acetone is formed in the human body as a by-product of lipid metabolism. Normally, acetone does not accumulate to an appreciable extent because it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The normal concentration of acetone in the human body is less than 1 mg/100 mL of blood. In certain disease states, such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the acetone concentration rises to higher levels. It is then excreted in the urine, where it is easily detected. In severe cases, its odor can be noted on the breath.

    Ketones are also the active components of other familiar substances, some of which are noted in the accompanying figure.

    ketones.png

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Some ketones have interesting properties: (a) Butter flavoring comes from 2,3-butanedione; (b) β-ionone is responsible for the odor of violets; (c) muscone is musk oil, an ingredient in perfumes; and (d) camphor is used in some insect repellents.

     

    Certain steroid hormones have the ketone functional group as a part of their structure. Two examples are progesterone and testosterone (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)).

    structures of progesterone and testosterone

     

    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Structures of progesterone (left) and testosterone (right).

    Progesterone is a hormone secreted by the ovaries that stimulates the growth of cells in the uterine wall and prepares it for attachment of a fertilized egg. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. These and other sex hormones affect our development and our lives in fundamental ways.

     

     

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Which compound in each pair has the higher boiling point?

    1. acetone or 2-propanol

    2. dimethyl ether or acetaldehyde

       

    Solution

    1. 2-propanol.  Acetone is a ketone and has dipole-dipole intermolecular forces as its strongest force of attraction. However, 2-propanol is an alcohol and will participate in hydrogen bonding. Since hydrogen bonding is a stronger force, the alcohol will require more energy (heat) to disrupt those forces.

    2. Acetaldehyde. Both molecules will participate in dipole-dipole forces. However, the dipole-dipole attractions are stronger in the aldehyde due to the presence of the carbon-oxygen double bond (which is more polar than the carbon-oxygen single bond).

     

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Which compound in each pair has the higher boiling point?

    1. butanal or 1-butanol

    2. acetone or isobutane

     

    Summary

    The polar carbon-oxygen double bond causes aldehydes and ketones to have higher boiling points than those of ethers and alkanes of similar molar masses but lower than those of comparable alcohols that engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. 

     


    4.2: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.