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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.5%3A_Group_17/Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Atomic_and_Physical_Properties_of_HalogensIn the larger atom, the attraction from the more positive nucleus is offset by the additional screening electrons, so each incoming electron feels the effect of a net +7 charge from the center. As the...In the larger atom, the attraction from the more positive nucleus is offset by the additional screening electrons, so each incoming electron feels the effect of a net +7 charge from the center. As the atoms get larger down the group, the bonding pair is further from the nuclei and the strength of the bond should, in theory, decrease, as indicated in the figure below.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/08%3A_State_Changes_and_Thermodynamics/8.03%3A_Phase_TransitionsPhase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are...Phase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are all endothermic processes, requiring an input of heat to overcome intermolecular attractions. The reciprocal transitions of freezing, condensation, and deposition are all exothermic processes, involving heat as intermolecular attractive forces are established or strengthened.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Beginning_Chemistry_(Ball)/10%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/10.03%3A_Phase_Transitions_-_Melting_Boiling_and_SublimingPhase changes can occur between any two phases of matter. All phase changes occur with a simultaneous change in energy. All phase changes are isothermal.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Fullerton_College/Beginning_Chemistry_(Chan)/10%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/10.03%3A_Phase_Transitions_-_Melting_Boiling_and_SublimingPhase changes can occur between any two phases of matter. All phase changes occur with a simultaneous change in energy. All phase changes are isothermal.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4B%3A_Predicting_the_Boiling_TemperatureThe boiling point of a liquid or solution drops when the pressure is reduced in a distillation apparatus. It is helpful to be able to predict the altered boiling point depending on the pressure inside...The boiling point of a liquid or solution drops when the pressure is reduced in a distillation apparatus. It is helpful to be able to predict the altered boiling point depending on the pressure inside the apparatus.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/OpenStax_Chemistry_Remixed%3A_Clovis_Community_College/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.04%3A_Phase_TransitionsPhase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are...Phase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are all endothermic processes, requiring an input of heat to overcome intermolecular attractions. The reciprocal transitions of freezing, condensation, and deposition are all exothermic processes, involving heat as intermolecular attractive forces are established or strengthened.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.13%3A_The_Halogens/8.13.02%3A_Chemical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/8.13.2.07%3A_The_Acidity_of_the_Hydrogen_HalidesThis page discusses the acidity of the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide. It begins by describing their physical properties and synthesis and...This page discusses the acidity of the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide. It begins by describing their physical properties and synthesis and then explains what happens when they react with water to make acids such as hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Louisville_Collegiate_School/General_Chemistry/LibreTexts_Louisville_Collegiate_School_Chapters_10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/LibreTexts%2F%2FLouisville_Collegiate_School%2F%2FChapters%2F%2F10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids%2F%2F10.3%3A_Phase_TransitionsPhase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are...Phase transitions are processes that convert matter from one physical state into another. There are six phase transitions between the three phases of matter. Melting, vaporization, and sublimation are all endothermic processes, requiring an input of heat to overcome intermolecular attractions. The reciprocal transitions of freezing, condensation, and deposition are all exothermic processes, involving heat as intermolecular attractive forces are established or strengthened.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Nassau_Community_College/Principles_of_Chemistry/11%3A_Solutions/11.06%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_SolutionsColligative properties depend only on the number of dissolved particles (that is, the concentration), not their identity. Raoult's law is concerned with the vapor pressure depression of solutions. The...Colligative properties depend only on the number of dissolved particles (that is, the concentration), not their identity. Raoult's law is concerned with the vapor pressure depression of solutions. The boiling points of solutions are always higher, and the freezing points always lower, than those of the pure solvent.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/04%3A_Organic_Nomenclature_-_Carbonyl-Containing_Compounds/4.04%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Carboxylic_AcidsCarboxylic acids have high boiling points compared to other substances of comparable molar mass. Boiling points increase with molar mass. Carboxylic acids having one to four carbon atoms are completel...Carboxylic acids have high boiling points compared to other substances of comparable molar mass. Boiling points increase with molar mass. Carboxylic acids having one to four carbon atoms are completely miscible with water. Solubility decreases with molar mass.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/03%3A_Measurements/3.07%3A_Temperature_and_Temperature_ScalesThis page explains temperature as a measure of average kinetic energy, describing the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales, including their freezing and boiling points. It notes that Celsius and Kel...This page explains temperature as a measure of average kinetic energy, describing the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales, including their freezing and boiling points. It notes that Celsius and Kelvin are related by 273 and emphasizes the simplicity of conversions between these scales. Additionally, it mentions the historical development and relevance of these temperature scales in the field of chemistry.
