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5.1: Chemical Equations
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Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. Chemical equations have reactants on the left, an arrow that is read as "yields", and the products on the right.
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5.2: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
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A chemical reaction is the process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances.
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5.3: Balancing Chemical Equations
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In chemical reactions, atoms are not created or destroyed. The atoms that were present in the reactants are present in the products. They are merely reorganized into different arrangements in the products compared to the reactants.
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5.4: Classifying Chemical Reactions
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The major types of chemical reactions are synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, acid-base neutralization, and oxidation-reduction reaction.
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5.5: Reactions Involving Water
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Water is a reactant or product in a number of reactions important to biochemistry. In this section we will take a look at three of them with examples from organic chemistry. They are hydrolysis of esters, hydration of alkenes and dehydration of alcohols
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5.6: Classification of alcohols
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Alcohols are classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom that bears the OH group.
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5.7: Oxidations and Reductions
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Oxidation-reduction reactions are of central importance in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The burning of fuels provides the energy to maintain our civilization and the metabolism of foods furnish the energy that keeps us alive are both examples of oxidation-reduction reactions.
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5.8: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
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Chemical processes are labeled as exothermic or endothermic based on whether they give off or absorb energy, respectively.
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5.9: Reaction Rate
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A measure of how quickly products form, is called the reaction rate. Reaction energy diagrams summarize the important information about a reaction in a single graph.
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5.10: Catabolism
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During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins are broken down into amino acids, and triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. The products of digestion converge into the citric acid cycle via Acetyl-CoA.
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5.11: Citric Acid Cycle
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At first glance, the citric acid cycle appears rather complex. All the reactions, however, are familiar types in organic chemistry: hydration, oxidation, decarboxylation, and hydrolysis.
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5.12: End of Chapter Problems
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This problem set is based on Chapter 5 topics.