14: Organic Compounds of Oxygen
- Page ID
- 15933
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Ethanol and resveratrol, a phenol, are representatives of two of the families of oxygen-containing compounds that we consider in this chapter. Two other classes, aldehydes and ketones, are formed by the oxidation of alcohols. Ethers, another class, are made by the dehydration of alcohols.
- 14.0: Prelude to Organic Compounds of Oxygen
- This page discusses ethanol's role as an ingredient in beverages, highlighting its safety in moderation but risks of intoxication and long-term health issues such as addiction and liver cirrhosis with excessive consumption. It emphasizes alcoholism as a significant problem in the U.S. The potential health benefits of moderate ethanol intake, particularly from resveratrol in red wine—which may reduce heart disease risk—are also noted, along with alternative sources like grapes or grape juice.
- 14.1: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
- This page explores functional groups in organic chemistry, emphasizing their role in determining the reactivity and properties of organic compounds. It defines functional groups as specific atom arrangements that influence chemical behavior, and offers a systematic overview of organic compound families categorized by common functional groups, particularly those with oxygen and nitrogen. Additionally, a table is included that lists different families, their general formulas, and suffixes.
- 14.2: Alcohols - Nomenclature and Classification
- This page explains that alcohols are organic compounds identified by a hydroxyl (OH) group, classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on carbon attachment. They are named according to IUPAC rules, which modify the parent alkane name with the suffix -ol. It highlights the difference between common names and systematic IUPAC names, providing examples like methanol and ethanol. Understanding these principles is crucial for recognizing and naming alcohols in organic chemistry.
- 14.3: Physical Properties of Alcohols
- This page explains that alcohols have higher boiling points than ethers and alkanes with similar molar masses because of hydrogen bonding from their OH groups. This stronger interaction demands more energy for separation, raising boiling points. Alcohols with four or fewer carbon atoms are water-soluble due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds, while longer alcohols behave more like hydrocarbons, resulting in decreased solubility.
- 14.4: Reactions that Form Alcohols
- This page discusses the preparation of alcohols from alkenes via hydration processes, particularly focusing on methanol and ethanol. Methanol can be produced from hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, while ethanol is obtained from ethylene or sugar fermentation. Both methanol and ethanol pose health risks; methanol is highly toxic and can result in blindness or death, and ethanol can impair respiratory control and cognitive functions.
- 14.5: Reactions of Alcohols
- This page discusses the reactions of alcohols, primarily dehydration and oxidation. Dehydration leads to alkenes or ethers depending on conditions, while oxidation converts primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary to ketones, with tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation. These processes are crucial in biological metabolism. Understanding the functional groups of alcohols is essential for grasping their potential reactions.
- 14.6: Glycols and Glycerol
- This page discusses common polyhydric alcohols, focusing on glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, along with glycerol. Ethylene glycol is shown to be toxic and used in antifreeze, while propylene glycol is nontoxic and used as a solvent and food moisturizer. Glycerol is also low in toxicity and linked to fat metabolism. The text emphasizes their structures, applications, and health impacts.
- 14.7: Phenols
- This page discusses phenols, which are characterized by an OH group attached to an aromatic ring, making them slightly acidic. The notable phenol, C6H5OH, has antiseptic qualities but is toxic and can cause burns. Safer alternatives like 4-hexylresorcinol are now preferred for antiseptic use in products such as mouthwashes and skin preparations due to their effectiveness and lower side effects.
- 14.8: Ethers
- This page discusses the structural differences between alcohols and ethers, including their effects on physical properties and reactivity. Ethers lack the OH group, which results in lower boiling points due to no hydrogen bonding. It includes naming conventions, examples, and applications in general anesthesia, particularly diethyl ether, which has been replaced by safer alternatives. Ethers also share similar water solubility with their corresponding alcohols.
- 14.9: Aldehydes and Ketones- Structure and Names
- This page covers the structure, naming conventions, and properties of aldehydes and ketones, organic compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O). Aldehydes have one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones have two carbon groups. It describes IUPAC naming rules, where aldehydes end in -al and ketones in -one, along with examples and classification methods, highlighting their importance in biological molecules.
- 14.10: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- This page discusses aldehydes and ketones, highlighting their higher boiling points compared to ethers and alkanes, but lower than alcohols due to dipole-dipole interactions. It notes that aldehydes and lower-chain ketones are water-soluble, with solubility decreasing with longer carbon chains. Aldehydes can oxidize to carboxylic acids, differentiating them from ketones.
- 14.11: Organic Sulfur Compounds
- This page discusses the chemical properties of thiols and thioethers, noting the significance of disulfides in protein structure. It also highlights the role of paramedics, who undergo 2-4 years of training, including EMT experience, to provide emergency medical treatment. Their education covers anatomy, physiology, and chemistry, preparing them to handle traumatic injuries while working under medical directors in various employment settings.
- 14.E: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Exercises)
- This page offers an extensive overview of organic compounds, focusing on alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and other functional groups. It details the classifications, properties, and reactions of alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary) and discusses carbon chain structure in naming organic compounds. Key topics include boiling points, solubility, and reactivity of various compounds, as well as practical implications such as the toxicity of methanol and fusel oils.
- 14.S: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Summary)
- To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms in the summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.