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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/18%3A_Kinetics/18.05%3A_Activated_ComplexThis page discusses Velcro, a synthetic material for fabric adhesion and its use in a sport called "Velcro-jumping," where participants leap onto a Velcro wall. It also explains the concept of an acti...This page discusses Velcro, a synthetic material for fabric adhesion and its use in a sport called "Velcro-jumping," where participants leap onto a Velcro wall. It also explains the concept of an activated complex in chemistry, describing it as a temporary, unstable configuration of reactants at the peak of the activation energy barrier, existing briefly and facilitating the reformation of reactants or production of products, though its exact structure is largely unidentified.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.07%3A_Conversions_Between_Moles_and_Gas_VolumeThis page explains how to calculate gas quantities in small tanks for chemical reactions, highlighting the conversion between moles and gas volume using the molar volume at STP (22.4 L per mol). It in...This page explains how to calculate gas quantities in small tanks for chemical reactions, highlighting the conversion between moles and gas volume using the molar volume at STP (22.4 L per mol). It includes examples for determining moles from volume, volume from moles, and calculating a gas's mass from its volume at STP. The page concludes with review questions to help reinforce the understanding of these conversions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.15%3A_Chemical_Symbols_and_FormulasThis page discusses the use of symbolic notation in chess for tracking moves, drawing a comparison to how chemists use symbols and formulas for elements and compounds. It explains chemical symbols as ...This page discusses the use of symbolic notation in chess for tracking moves, drawing a comparison to how chemists use symbols and formulas for elements and compounds. It explains chemical symbols as abbreviations for elements and chemical formulas like H2O for compounds, noting some symbols' Latin roots. Additionally, it provides a summary of chemical symbols and formulas, complemented by review questions to enhance comprehension.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Reaction_EquationsThe most important aspect of a chemical reaction is to know what are the reactants and what are the products. For this, the best description of a reaction is to write an equation for the reaction. A c...The most important aspect of a chemical reaction is to know what are the reactants and what are the products. For this, the best description of a reaction is to write an equation for the reaction. A chemical reaction equation gives the reactants and products, and a balanced chemical reaction equation shows the mole relationships of reactants and products. Often, the amount of energy involved in the reaction is given.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.07%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_BasesThis page discusses the evolution of acid-base theories, emphasizing the Lewis theory that categorizes acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors. It illustrates how certain re...This page discusses the evolution of acid-base theories, emphasizing the Lewis theory that categorizes acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors. It illustrates how certain reactions, like those involving ammonia and hydrogen ions, fit this definition, even if they do not conform to Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry theories. A table is included to summarize the three acid-base theories.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/26.08%3A_Equilibrium_Constants_in_Terms_of_Partition_FunctionsThis page discusses a gas phase chemical reaction's equilibrium properties, focusing on the equilibrium constant (K_c) and chemical potential. It details the calculation of K_c for the formation of HC...This page discusses a gas phase chemical reaction's equilibrium properties, focusing on the equilibrium constant (K_c) and chemical potential. It details the calculation of K_c for the formation of HCl from H₂ and Cl₂ using molecular partition functions, including contributions from various states. At 650 K, the reaction is spontaneous with a K_c of about 2.26 x 10^11, attributed to strong H—Cl bond formation despite breaking H—H and Cl—Cl bonds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/LavoisierUnlike the Greek philosophers, he understood that this is a physical change, not a chemical change, and he has a good submicroscopic-scale intuition of what's happening: the particles of the material ...Unlike the Greek philosophers, he understood that this is a physical change, not a chemical change, and he has a good submicroscopic-scale intuition of what's happening: the particles of the material don't change, they just get further apart. For instance, in the experiment we just described, he measured the volume of gas in the bell jar, before and after the reaction, but noted that after the reaction, you must wait until the temperature returns to what it was when you measured originally.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Reactions_of_Period_3_ElementsThis page describes the reactions of the Period 3 elements from sodium to argon with water, oxygen and chlorine. Contributors and Attributions Jim Clark (Chemguide.co.uk)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/11%3A_Chemical_Reactions/11.05%3A_Decomposition_ReactionsThis page discusses Antoine Lavoisier's contributions to chemistry, particularly his study of decomposition reactions, where compounds break down into simpler substances, often requiring energy. Examp...This page discusses Antoine Lavoisier's contributions to chemistry, particularly his study of decomposition reactions, where compounds break down into simpler substances, often requiring energy. Examples include the decomposition of mercuric oxide into mercury and oxygen and calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, along with reactions involving metal hydroxides and unstable acids.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.05%3A_IsomersThis page examines the complexities of organic chemistry, emphasizing the impact of molecular shape on reactions in alkenes. It elucidates isomers, including structural and geometric types, and provid...This page examines the complexities of organic chemistry, emphasizing the impact of molecular shape on reactions in alkenes. It elucidates isomers, including structural and geometric types, and provides specific examples like 1-butene and 2-butene to illustrate these concepts. The discussion highlights the relevance of isomerism in both theoretical understanding and industrial applications.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Half_ReactionsThus, one of the two S atoms has an oxidation state of -2, and we represent this S atom by (=S) to indicate that it is attached to another S atom by a double bond (...Thus, one of the two S atoms has an oxidation state of -2, and we represent this S atom by (=S) to indicate that it is attached to another S atom by a double bond (=). In this reaction, one S atom goes from -2 to 0, whereas the oxidation state of the other S atom does not change. The following questions require one step at a time, but you may take any question and follow the four steps as illustrated in the above examples.
