14: Acids and Bases
- Page ID
- 47428
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Acids and bases are common substances found in many every day items, from fruit juices and soft drinks to soap. In this chapter, we will examine the properties of acids and bases, and learn about the chemical nature of these important compounds. We will cover pH, and how to calculate the pH of a solution.
- 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
- This page discusses Sour Patch Kids, a soft candy famous for its sour and sweet flavor profile, encapsulated by the slogan "Sour. Sweet. Gone." The candy is coated with sour sugar, made from citric or tartaric acid mixed with sugar, enhancing its sour flavor. However, overconsumption can cause tongue irritation and potentially irreversible dental erosion due to the acidic ingredients.
- 14.2: Acids- Properties and Examples
- This page explores the properties, applications, and safety of various acids, noting their prevalence in everyday life and industry. It highlights specific acids, including hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, formic, citric, and acetylsalicylic (aspirin), detailing their chemical behaviors, uses in cleaning, food preservation, and medical applications. The significance of these acids in both natural processes and health is emphasized, showcasing their versatility and importance.
- 14.3: Bases- Properties and Examples
- This page covers the properties and applications of bases, contrasting them with acids. It describes bases as electrolytes, which can be strong or weak, with a bitter taste and slippery texture. Common indicators reveal their presence through color changes. Notable bases like sodium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are highlighted for their use in household products and antacids, underscoring their importance in neutralizing acids and their widespread use in cleaning and health products.
- 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
- This page provides a comprehensive overview of acids and bases, focusing on the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories. It defines Arrhenius acids and bases, highlighting limitations, and refines the definitions through the Brønsted-Lowry perspective of proton donors and acceptors. The amphoteric nature of HPO₄²⁻ is discussed, along with examples of conjugate acid-base pairs, illustrating proton transfer in reactions. Exercises are included to reinforce understanding of these concepts.
- 14.5: Reactions of Acids and Bases
- This page discusses acid-base neutralization reactions, highlighting that an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt, represented by a net ionic equation. When strong acids and bases neutralize, the solution reaches a pH of 7, while weak acids or bases can result in slightly acidic or basic solutions. The page also covers the reaction of acids and bases with metals, producing salts and hydrogen gas, and emphasizes the reactivity of metals in these contexts.
- 14.6: Acid–Base Titration
- This page covers the basics of acid-base titrations, detailing the procedure of adding a standard solution to an unknown until neutralization, indicated by a color change. It defines the equivalence point for complete reactions and explains how to calculate unknown concentrations. The importance of accurate measurement with a burette and suitable indicators for different titrations is discussed, supplemented with examples and exercises for practice.
- 14.7: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
- This page covers the differences between strong and weak acids and bases, noting that strong acids and bases completely dissociate in solution, while weak ones only partially dissociate. It provides examples of each type and discusses how salts derived from weak acids or bases can affect solution acidity or basicity. Key distinctions are summarized to reinforce understanding.
- 14.8: Water - Acid and Base in One
- This page explains the autoionization of water, showing that water can act as both an acid and a base, forming hydronium (\(\ce{H3O^{+}}\)) and hydroxide ions (\(\ce{OH^{-}}\)). It details the equilibrium concentration of these ions and the relationship between them, emphasizing the constant \(K_w\) which varies with temperature.
- 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
- This page covers the concepts of pH and pOH, explaining their definitions and calculations based on hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations. It highlights that pH indicates acidity (pH < 7), neutrality (pH = 7), and basicity (pH > 7). The page includes the formula \(pK_w = pH + pOH\), walkthroughs for calculating pH and pOH, and stresses the importance of significant figures. Additionally, it features examples and practice exercises to reinforce understanding of these concepts.
- 14.10: Buffers- Solutions that Resist pH Change
- This page discusses buffers, which are solutions that maintain stable pH levels when acids or bases are introduced, composed of weak acids and their salts or weak bases with corresponding salts. Examples cited include acetic acid with sodium acetate and ammonia with ammonium chloride. It explains the reaction of buffers to strong acids and bases while noting their limited capacity for effectiveness. The importance of buffers in biological systems, especially in human blood, is also emphasized.
- 14.11: Prelude - Sour Patch Kids
- This page discusses Sour Patch Kids, a soft candy with a distinctive coating of invert and sour sugar, embodying the slogan "Sour. Sweet. Gone." The sour sugar, derived from citric or tartaric acid, gives the candy its tangy taste but can lead to tongue irritation and dental erosion if eaten in large quantities.