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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/CHEM_105%3A_Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_Fall_22/03%3A_Matter_and_Energy/3.08%3A_Temperature_-_Random_Motion_of_Molecules_and_AtomsThree different scales are commonly used to measure temperature: Fahrenheit (expressed as °F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/CHEM_105%3A_Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_Fall_22/02%3A_Measurements_and_Problem_Solving/2.02%3A_Scientific_Notation_-_Writing_Large_and_Small_NumbersChemists often work with numbers that are exceedingly large or small. For example, entering the mass in grams of a hydrogen atom into a calculator requires a display with at least 24 decimal places. A...Chemists often work with numbers that are exceedingly large or small. For example, entering the mass in grams of a hydrogen atom into a calculator requires a display with at least 24 decimal places. A system called scientific notation avoids much of the tedium and awkwardness of manipulating numbers with large or small magnitudes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/18%3A_Drugs/18.07%3A_Drugs_and_the_MindAlthough some of the serotonin is metabolized by monoamine oxidase to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, most of the serotonin released into the post-synaptic space is removed by the neuron through a reupta...Although some of the serotonin is metabolized by monoamine oxidase to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, most of the serotonin released into the post-synaptic space is removed by the neuron through a reuptake mechanism inhibited by the tricyclic antidepressants and the newer, more selective antidepressants such as fluoxetine and sertraline.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Widener_University/CHEM_105%3A_Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_Fall_22/01%3A_What_is_Chemistry/1.03%3A_The_Scientific_Method_-_How_Chemists_ThinkScience is a process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment. Scientists go through a rigorous process to determine new knowledge about the universe; this process is g...Science is a process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment. Scientists go through a rigorous process to determine new knowledge about the universe; this process is generally referred to as the scientific method. Science is broken down into various fields, including chemistry, and is both qualitative and quantitative.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Chabot_College/Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biochemistry/04%3A_Atoms/4.01%3A_Indivisible_-_The_Atomic_TheoryYou learned earlier how all matter in the universe is made out of tiny building blocks called atoms. All modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, but when the concept of the atom was first pr...You learned earlier how all matter in the universe is made out of tiny building blocks called atoms. All modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, but when the concept of the atom was first proposed about 2,500 years ago, ancient philosophers laughed at the idea. It has always been difficult to convince people of the existence of things that are too small to see. We will spend some time considering the evidence (observations) that convince scientists of the existence of atoms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Chabot_College/Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biochemistry/04%3A_Atoms/4.06%3A_Ions_-_Losing_and_Gaining_ElectronsAtom may lose valence electrons to obtain a lower shell that contains an octet. Atoms that lose electrons acquire a positive charge as a result. Some atoms have nearly eight electrons in their valence...Atom may lose valence electrons to obtain a lower shell that contains an octet. Atoms that lose electrons acquire a positive charge as a result. Some atoms have nearly eight electrons in their valence shell, and can gain additional valence electrons until they have an octet. When these atoms gain electrons, they acquire a negative charge.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Chabot_College/Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biochemistry/04%3A_Atoms/4.08%3A_Atomic_Mass_-_The_Average_Mass_of_an_Elements_AtomsIn chemistry, we very rarely deal with only one isotope of an element. We use a mixture of the isotopes of an element in chemical reactions and other aspects of chemistry, because all of the isotopes ...In chemistry, we very rarely deal with only one isotope of an element. We use a mixture of the isotopes of an element in chemical reactions and other aspects of chemistry, because all of the isotopes of an element react in the same manner. That means that we rarely need to worry about the mass of a specific isotope, but instead need to know the average mass of the atoms of an element.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Chabot_College/Introduction_to_General_Organic_and_Biochemistry/02%3A_Chemistry_and_Measurement/2.09%3A_DensityDensity is a physical property found by dividing the mass of an object by its volume. Regardless of the sample size, density is always constant.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Solano_Community_College/Introductory_Chemistry_at_Solano_College_-_Updated_2023_04_03/04%3A_Matter_and_Change/4.17%3A_A_Molecular_View_of_Elements_and_CompoundsMost elements exist with individual atoms as their basic unit. It is assumed that there is only one atom in a formula if there is no numerical subscript on the right side of an element’s symbol. There...Most elements exist with individual atoms as their basic unit. It is assumed that there is only one atom in a formula if there is no numerical subscript on the right side of an element’s symbol. There are many substances that exist as two or more atoms connected together so strongly that they behave as a single particle. These multi-atom combinations are called molecules. A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that has the physical and chemical properties of that substance.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Taft_College/CHEM_1510%3A_Introductory_College_Chemistry/18%3A_Oxidation_and_Reduction/18.03%3A_Balancing_Redox_EquationsAnother way to balance redox reactions is by the half-reaction method. This technique involves breaking an equation into its two separate components—the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction. ...Another way to balance redox reactions is by the half-reaction method. This technique involves breaking an equation into its two separate components—the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction. Since neither oxidation nor reduction can actually occur without the other, we refer to the separate equations as half-reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Taft_College/CHEM_1510%3A_Introductory_College_Chemistry/19%3A_Radioactivity_and_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.10%3A_The_Effects_of_Radiation_on_LifeWe are constantly exposed to radiation from naturally occurring and human-produced sources. This radiation can affect living organisms. Ionizing radiation is the most harmful type of radiation because...We are constantly exposed to radiation from naturally occurring and human-produced sources. This radiation can affect living organisms. Ionizing radiation is the most harmful type of radiation because it can ionize molecules or break chemical bonds, which damages the molecules and causes malfunctions in cell processes. Types of radiation differ in their ability to penetrate material and damage tissue.
