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8.1: Nucleotides -the building blocks of nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids are defined, and their constituents and related terminologies are described.
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8.2: Primary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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The definition, synthesis mechanism, and primary structure of nucleic acids are described.
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8.3: Secondary structure and replication of DNA
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Watson and Crick's double helix model and DNA replication process are described.
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8.4: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and transcription
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RNAs involved in protein synthesis, i.e., mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, their basic structure feature and functions, along with the process of transcription, codon, and anticodons, are described.
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8.5: Translation-Protein Synthesis
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The biological translation is defined, and its mechanism is explained.
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8.6: Mutations and Genetic Diseases
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Mutation, causes, subclasses, and effects, including genetic diseases and cancer, are described.
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8.7: Viruses
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Viruses, their ways of infection, multiplication, and two example cases, covid-19 and AIDS are described.
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8.8: Genetic engineering
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Recombinant DNA and PCR techniques and their applications in biomedical technologies are described.