Chapter 2: Atomic Structure
- Page ID
- 17391
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Learning Objective
- To learn about the electronic structure of atoms.
Chemistry, the interaction of atoms and molecules with each other, is principally governed by the electrons which are bound most weakly to the nucleus. In this chapter we learn about the electronic structure of atoms and how this is related to the properties of the atoms.
- Chapter 2.1: Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
- This page covers the characteristics and properties of electromagnetic waves, including types like light, X-rays, and microwaves. It emphasizes the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy, noting that energy rises with increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. The page also discusses the protective role of the ozone layer against ultraviolet radiation and provides key equations for calculating wavelength and frequency, along with examples and exercises.
- Chapter 2.2: Quantization of Energy
- This page covers the development of atomic theory, emphasizing Max Planck's quantization of energy in response to blackbody radiation issues and the subsequent photoelectric effect. Planck's idea of "quanta" challenged classical physics and laid the groundwork for modern physics, while Einstein's expansion on this concept established the relationship between light frequency and electron emission.
- Chapter 2.3: Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom
- This page provides an overview of atomic theory, focusing on atomic spectra, electron structures, and the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It highlights key concepts like the photoelectric effect, spectral lines, and electron transitions, particularly emphasizing applications such as atomic clocks and spectroscopy in astronomy. Limitations of the Bohr model for multi-electron atoms are noted, alongside practical applications like lasers and fireworks.
- Chapter 2.4: Wave - Particle Duality
- This page explores wave-particle duality, focusing on Einstein's photon concept and de Broglie's hypothesis that particles can display wave characteristics. It explains the relationship between wavelength, mass, and velocity, exemplified by macro and micro objects. Additionally, it covers quantized vibrations in standing waves, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, and its implications for electron behavior in atoms.
- Chapter 2.5: Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies
- This page provides an overview of quantum mechanics' role in atomic theory, emphasizing Schrödinger's wave mechanics and the importance of wavefunctions and quantum numbers (n, l, ml) in defining electron properties and orbital characteristics. It explores the shapes and energy levels of orbitals, including the effects of effective nuclear charge (Zeff) and electron shielding in multi-electron atoms.
- Chapter 2.6: Building Up The Periodic Table
- This page provides a comprehensive overview of electron configurations, detailing how electrons are organized in atomic orbitals, including concepts like electron spin, the Pauli exclusion principle, and the Aufbau principle for filling orbitals. It contrasts configurations across elements, introduces valence electrons, and explains specific filling orders, notably for anomalies in elements like chromium and copper.
- Chapter 2.7: Electronic Structure of the Transition Metals
- This page covers the electron configurations of transition metals, noting exceptions in the filling order for elements like Cr and Cu. It explains how protons and electrons influence energy levels and results in unique configurations due to electron repulsion and parallel spin stability. The similarities in properties among transition metals are attributed to the accessibility of their ns electrons for bonding, impacting their reactivity and interactions with other atoms and molecules.
- Chapter 2.8: End of Chapter Material
- This page discusses practical applications of atomic and molecular principles in chemistry, including metal light emission, medical lasers, and electromagnetic radiation interactions. It addresses the effects of wavelengths on microscopy resolution, photodegradation of pigments, and energy requirements for atmospheric reactions. Key topics include the role of monochromatic light in surgery and the importance of ionization energies in atmospheric chemistry.