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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_331_-_Organic_Chemistry_(Lund)/05%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity/5.02%3A_A_Quick_Review_of_Thermodynamics_and_KineticsIn a reaction coordinate diagram, the vertical axis represents the overall potential energy of the reactants, while the horizontal axis is the ‘reaction coordinate’, tracing from left to right the pro...In a reaction coordinate diagram, the vertical axis represents the overall potential energy of the reactants, while the horizontal axis is the ‘reaction coordinate’, tracing from left to right the progress of the reaction from starting reactants R to final products P. (Many students find it helpful to envision the horizontal axis in an reaction coordinate diagram as being analogous to the progress bar at the bottom of a youtube video).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.03%3A_ThermochemistryIn this chapter we apply the first law of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy introduced in Chapter I.2 to chemical reactions. At standard state conditions we can use tabulated heats of formati...In this chapter we apply the first law of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy introduced in Chapter I.2 to chemical reactions. At standard state conditions we can use tabulated heats of formation to calculate the change in enthalpy for any reaction. At temperatures other than standard conditions we use the temperature dependence of the enthalpy to derive an expression for the change in enthalpy of a reaction at any temperature in relation to a reference temperature.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Ligand_Exchange_Reactions_(Thermodynamics)This page explains what is meant by a stability constant for a complex ion, and goes on to look at how its size is governed in part by the entropy change during a ligand exchange reaction.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.04%3A_The_Joule_ExperimentThe text explores the concept of changes in internal energy, considering as a function of volume and temperature. It relates to the constant volume heat capacity and introduces "internal pressure". Th...The text explores the concept of changes in internal energy, considering as a function of volume and temperature. It relates to the constant volume heat capacity and introduces "internal pressure". The work of James Prescott Joule is discussed, who demonstrated that ????? should be zero based on his experiments.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.01%3A_The_Empirical_Gas_LawsThe page describes the empirical gas laws, which are relationships describing the behavior of gas samples based on observation. Boyle's Law explains the inverse relationship between pressure and volum...The page describes the empirical gas laws, which are relationships describing the behavior of gas samples based on observation. Boyle's Law explains the inverse relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature. Charles' Law states that volume is proportional to temperature at constant pressure. Gay-Lussac's Law relates pressure to temperature. These laws combine into the Combined Gas Law.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.05%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_EffectThe page explains the Joule-Thomson experiment and its significance in understanding gas cooling during expansion, which influenced refrigerator design. It also details how not all gases cool upon exp...The page explains the Joule-Thomson experiment and its significance in understanding gas cooling during expansion, which influenced refrigerator design. It also details how not all gases cool upon expansion, like hydrogen and helium, which can warm up. The Joule-Thomson coefficient (μJT) determines this temperature change, generally calculated through the change of properties like pressure and enthalpy.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Second_LawThe text discusses fundamental principles of thermodynamics as articulated by Rudolf Clausius???specifically, the conservation of energy and the increase of entropy. It delves into the second law of t...The text discusses fundamental principles of thermodynamics as articulated by Rudolf Clausius???specifically, the conservation of energy and the increase of entropy. It delves into the second law of thermodynamics, which introduces the concept of entropy and how it influences our perception of time and irreversible processes. The discussion includes spontaneous processes, which occur without external forces and may not be predicted solely by energy changes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.03%3A_EntropyThe page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state func...The page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state function due to its net change around a closed cycle being non-zero. However, when considering the sum of q/T, it results in zero, which aligns with the behavior of a state function.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.02%3A_Combining_the_First_and_Second_Laws_-_Maxwell's_RelationsThis page discusses the dependence of Gibbs and Helmholtz functions on variables like temperature, pressure, and volume, highlighting the integration of the First and Second Laws into a mathematical e...This page discusses the dependence of Gibbs and Helmholtz functions on variables like temperature, pressure, and volume, highlighting the integration of the First and Second Laws into a mathematical expression. It focuses on the development of Maxwell Relations, which arise from these combined laws and offer a powerful way to substitute partial derivatives to simplify thermodynamic analyses.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_Acid-Base_and_Donor-Acceptor_Chemistry/6.04%3A_Lewis_Concept_and_Frontier_OrbitalsThe Lewis acid-base concept describes acid-base reactions in terms of electron pair donation and acceptance. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors, while Lewis bases are donors. This concept explain...The Lewis acid-base concept describes acid-base reactions in terms of electron pair donation and acceptance. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors, while Lewis bases are donors. This concept explains reactions like the classic example between borane BH3 and NH3, resulting in a coordinate covalent bond. The Usanovich acid-base concept extends this by including oxidation-reduction reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.05%3A_The_Boltzmann_Distribution_and_the_Statistical_Definition_of_EntropyIn this chapter we introduce the statistical definition of entropy as formulated by Boltzmann. This allows us to consider entropy from the perspective of the probabilities of different configurations ...In this chapter we introduce the statistical definition of entropy as formulated by Boltzmann. This allows us to consider entropy from the perspective of the probabilities of different configurations of the constituent interacting particles in an ensemble. This conception of entropy led to the development of modern statistical thermodynamics. For systems that can exchange thermal energy with the surroundings, the equilibrium probability distribution will be the Boltzmann distribution.
