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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/04%3A_Elements_and_Compounds_(or_Twenty_Million_Dishes_(and_Counting)_from_Only_Ninety_Ingredients_)/4.8%3A_Pulling_It_All_Together_-_Molecular_TopologySpecifically, H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) donates hydrogen ion (H + ) to acetone (which is an example of a ketone, a functional group we haven't introduced yet), resulting in HSO 4 - (called hydrogen sul...Specifically, H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) donates hydrogen ion (H + ) to acetone (which is an example of a ketone, a functional group we haven't introduced yet), resulting in HSO 4 - (called hydrogen sulfate, consisting of the original molecule minus the H + ) and a product with the formula (CH 3 ) 2 COH + . We'll discuss acid/base chemistry soon but, for now, focus on how the H + ion might form a bond to the carbonyl group of acetone.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/American_River_College/CHEM_309%3A_Applied_Chemistry_for_the_Health_Sciences/11%3A_Lipids_-_An_Introduction/11.01%3A_Fatty_AcidsFatty acids are carboxylic acids that are made up of 12 to 20 carbons. They are building blocks of waxes, triglycerides, and membrane lipids.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/04%3A_Elements_and_Compounds_(or_Twenty_Million_Dishes_(and_Counting)_from_Only_Ninety_Ingredients_)/4.6%3A_Interpreting_Electron_Dot_StructuresFor atoms with a steric number of 2, the sets of electron are positioned 180° apart from each other; For atoms with a steric number of 3, sets of electrons are oriented 120° to each other and are cent...For atoms with a steric number of 2, the sets of electron are positioned 180° apart from each other; For atoms with a steric number of 3, sets of electrons are oriented 120° to each other and are centered in the same 2-dimensional plane; For atoms with a steric number of 4, the sets of electrons are positioned 109° from each other and are directed at the vertices of a tetrahedron.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/02%3A_Mass_Matter_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.5A%3A_Analytical_Applications_of_Stoichiometry%3A_Gravimetric_Analysis/2.5B_Analysis_of_Mixtures_and_Combustion_AnalysisThe logic of the analysis now becomes evident: the amount of Na 2 CO 3 is found by measuring the mass of the sample before and after heating; the amount of mass lost can be used to find the moles of C...The logic of the analysis now becomes evident: the amount of Na 2 CO 3 is found by measuring the mass of the sample before and after heating; the amount of mass lost can be used to find the moles of CO 2 produced, which according to the above equation, is equal to the moles of Na 2 CO 3 present in the original mixture.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/03%3A_Why_Do_Molecules_Exist/3.07%3A_Summary_and_Review_Exercises/3.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.01%3A__Elements_and_CompoundsOur goal in this chapter is to give you the tools to recognize what compounds “make sense”. In other words, we want you to recognize that H 2 O is a reasonable formula for the compound formed between ...Our goal in this chapter is to give you the tools to recognize what compounds “make sense”. In other words, we want you to recognize that H 2 O is a reasonable formula for the compound formed between hydrogen and oxygen, but that H 3 O and H 4 O are not; indeed, they are offensive ideas!
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/05%3A_New_Page/5.1%3A_Autoionization%2C_Neutralization%2C_and_an_Introduction_to_Reaction_MechanismsIt is simply the nucleus of the hydrogen atom and, because the nuclei of hydrogen atoms contain just one proton, H + is commonly referred to simply as a “proton”. The reaction described above is there...It is simply the nucleus of the hydrogen atom and, because the nuclei of hydrogen atoms contain just one proton, H + is commonly referred to simply as a “proton”. The reaction described above is therefore known as a proton transfer and is among the most important classes of chemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Wisconsin_Oshkosh/Chem_370%3A_Physical_Chemistry_1_-_Thermodynamics_(Gutow)/01%3A_Thermodynamics/1.09%3A_Phase_Equilibria_and_MixturesIn this chapter we extend the concept of the Gibbs energy to phase transitions and mixtures. The partial molar Gibbs energy or chemical potential can be used to determine the spontaneity a process. We...In this chapter we extend the concept of the Gibbs energy to phase transitions and mixtures. The partial molar Gibbs energy or chemical potential can be used to determine the spontaneity a process. We derive an expression for the chemical potential. Then we will consider the impacts of pressure and temperature and use that to understand phase transitions, vapor pressure of volatile liquids, and ideal solutions. Lastly, activity is used to a write the chemical potential of non-ideal systems.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/Chapter_9%3A_Laboratory_Exercises/Structure_Determination_of_Alkanes_Using_13C-NMR_and_H-NMRBut these signals don't appear as two single sharp peaks; the signal on the right has three peaks and is called a “triplet” and that on the left has seven peaks, called a “septet”. Their integrated ar...But these signals don't appear as two single sharp peaks; the signal on the right has three peaks and is called a “triplet” and that on the left has seven peaks, called a “septet”. Their integrated areas have a 3:1 ratio (shown as 6 and 2 in the figure), meaning that the triplet is due to a set of six equivalent hydrogen atoms (shown in red, below) and the heptet is due to two equivalent hydrogen atoms (shown in blue).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/05%3A_New_PageAs such, it is often not considered to be a “chemical” (although Monsanto used it under its systematic name, dihydrogen monoxide, in an advertising campaign many years ago along with the phrase “Witho...As such, it is often not considered to be a “chemical” (although Monsanto used it under its systematic name, dihydrogen monoxide, in an advertising campaign many years ago along with the phrase “Without chemicals, life itself would be impossible.”) But a chemical it is, and behave as a chemical it does.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/03%3A_Why_Do_Molecules_Exist/3.05%3A_Chemical_Potential_EnergyBond strength is defined as the energy required to separate the two atoms involved; this corresponds to the energy gap between the bottom of the energy well and the potential energy at infinite separa...Bond strength is defined as the energy required to separate the two atoms involved; this corresponds to the energy gap between the bottom of the energy well and the potential energy at infinite separation - think of it as the energy necessary to climb out of the energy well up to the plateau on the right side of in Figure 3-14 . So, how much energy does it take to climb out of the well?
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bennington_College/Chemistry_-_An_Integrated_Approach_(Bullock)/04%3A_Elements_and_Compounds_(or_Twenty_Million_Dishes_(and_Counting)_from_Only_Ninety_Ingredients_)/4.7%3A_Resonance_and_Formal_Charge_Or_What_To_Do_When_the_Rules_Don't_WorkFigure 4-41. (left) The resonance hybrid of the carbonate ion, CO 3 2 - , showing the formal charges on each of the oxygen atoms; the bond order is 1 1 / 3 . (center) A semitransparent esp map of carb...Figure 4-41. (left) The resonance hybrid of the carbonate ion, CO 3 2 - , showing the formal charges on each of the oxygen atoms; the bond order is 1 1 / 3 . (center) A semitransparent esp map of carbonate, showing the position of the individual atoms within the electron cloud enveloping the ion. (right) The solid esp map accentuating the charge distributing at the surface of the molecule; blue is more positive (relatively speaking) and the yellow to red shades are more negative (scale shown).
