Chapter 7: Stoichiometry
- Page ID
- 25679
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Chapter 7.1: Again the Mole
- This page covers the calculation of molecular and formula masses for both covalent and ionic compounds, using the mole concept as a basis. It outlines the definition and significance of the mole, its relationship to atomic mass and practical measurements, and provides examples for calculating masses for substances like ethanol and calcium phosphate.
- Chapter 7.2: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
- This page covers the determination of empirical and molecular formulas through calculations of mass percentages and combustion analysis of various compounds, including sucrose, aspartame, penicillin G, and caffeine. Key concepts include the law of definite proportions, the process for deriving formulas from elemental composition, and exercises for practice.
- Chapter 7.3: Chemical Equations
- This page provides an overview of chemical reactions and their representation through chemical equations. It explains the process of balancing chemical equations to ensure the law of conservation of mass is maintained, highlighting the importance of atom count and charge balance on each side. The page includes examples of reactions like the ammonium dichromate volcano and combustion of glucose, employing coefficients to detail the stoichiometry relationships in reactions.
- Chapter 7.4: Stoichiometry
- This page provides a comprehensive overview of stoichiometry, emphasizing the quantitative relationships in chemical reactions through balanced equations. It covers calculations involving moles, molar masses, and coefficients, with a focus on limiting reactants, theoretical yield, and percent yield. Practical examples, such as combustion reactions and synthesis processes, illustrate these concepts.
- Chapter 7.5: Types of Chemical Reactions
- This page covers various aspects of chemical reactions, including classification into oxidation-reduction, acid-base, condensation, and exchange types. It emphasizes understanding oxidation states, fractional oxidation examples, and the roles of oxidants and reductants in redox reactions. Key concepts such as electron transfer, balancing equations, and practical applications in industries are highlighted.
- Chapter 7.6: Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
- This page examines the chemical reactions responsible for the depletion of Earth's ozone layer, particularly the Antarctic ozone hole, caused primarily by chlorine compounds from CFCs. It explains the protective role of the stratospheric ozone layer against UV radiation and the impact of industrial chemicals on its integrity. The text notes ongoing international efforts, including the Montreal Protocol, to phase out harmful substances and highlights the slow recovery expected by 2050.
- Chapter 7.7: Industrially Important Chemicals
- This page provides an overview of the industrial production of key chemicals, particularly focusing on the top chemicals in the U.S., petroleum refining processes, and the octane rating system for gasoline. It details the significance of sulfuric acid in fertilizer production, explaining its production methods and applications in agriculture. The text also discusses the transition from toxic octane enhancers to safer alternatives.
- Chapter 7.8: End of Chapter Material
- This page covers a variety of chemistry topics, including atomic theory, empirical formulas, and applications of chemical reactions. It includes practical problem-solving scenarios involving mass percentages and stoichiometry related to compounds like hydrogen sulfide and amoxicillin. The page emphasizes the importance of balancing equations, understanding limiting reactants, and calculating theoretical yields.
- Chapter 7.9: Essential Skills 2
- This page emphasizes essential mathematical skills for chemistry, particularly focusing on proportions, percentages, and unit conversions necessary for problem-solving. It illustrates how to relate quantities through ratios and manipulate equations to find unknowns. Key calculations include converting percentages and units, with practical examples and exercises.