16: Acids and Bases
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16.1: Brønsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases
Arrhenius & Brønsted Acids/Bases
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.a}\)
In the reaction, identify the acid and base.
\(NH_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons NH_{4}^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\)
- Answer
-
H2O, NH3
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.b}\)
What is the conjugate acid of NH3?
- Answer
-
\(NH_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons NH_{4}^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\)
base acid C.A. C.B.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.c}\)
What is the conjugate base of OH-?
- Answer
-
\(NH_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons NH_{4}^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\)
base acid C.A. C.B.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.d}\)
What is the conjugate acid of NaHSO3?
- Answer
-
Amphoteric Substance
\[HSO_{3}^{-}+H^{+}\rightarrow H_{2}CO_{3} \]
Acid salts are amphoteric.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.e}\)
What is the conjugate base of NaHSO3?
- Answer
-
Amphoteric Substance
\[HSO_{3}^{-}+OH^{-}\rightarrow SO_{3}^{-2}+H_{2}O\]
Acid salts are amphoteric.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1.f}\)
It is known that the hydride ion H- is a stronger base than OH-, what is(are) the product(s) of the reaction: H-(aq) +H2O(l)
- Answer
-
\(H^{-}(aq)+H_{2}O(l)\rightarrow H_{2}(g)+OH^{-}(aq)\)
base acid C.A. C.B.
Since H- is a stronger base than OH-, the reaction is reasonable to take place.
16.2: Water and the pH Scale
pH and Strong Acids/Bases
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.a}\)
In a sample of lemon juice, [H+] is 6.2x10-4 M. What is the pH?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[6.2*10^{-4}M]=3.2\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.b}\)
A sample of detergent has a pH of 8.20. What is the [H+]?
- Answer
-
\[[H^{+}]=10^{-pH}=10^{-8.20}=6.3*10^-9M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.c}\)
What is [OH-] of the detergent in Q 16.2.2?
- Answer
-
\[[OH^{-}]=\frac{K_{w}}{[H^{+}]}=\frac{10^{-14}}{6.3*10^{-9}}=1.6*10^{-6}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.d}\)
What is the pH of 0.055M of HCl?
- Answer
-
\[H^{+}=0.055M\]
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[0.055M]=1.26\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.e}\)
What is the pH of 0.001M of Ca(OH)2?
- Answer
-
\[[OH^{-}]=0.001*2=0.002M\]
\[[H^{+}]=\frac{K_{w}}{[OH^{-}]}=\frac{10^{-14}}{2.0*10^{-3}}=5.0*10^{-12}M\]
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[5.0*10^{-12}M]=11.30\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.f}\)
What is the pOH of the solution in Q 16.2.5?
- Answer
-
\[[OH^{-}]=0.001*2=0.002M\]
\[pOH=-log[OH^{-}]=-log[2.0*10^{-3}M]=2.70\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2.g}\)
If 0.56g of CaO is dissolved in the water to make 1.0L solution. What is the pH of the solution?
- Answer
-
\[CaO(s)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons Ca(OH)_{2}(aq)\]
\[\frac{\frac{0.56}{56\,g/mol}*\frac{1\,mol\,Ca(OH)_{2}}{1\,mol\,CaO}}{1.0L}=0.01\,M\,Ca(OH)_{2}\]
\[[OH^{-}]=0.01*2=0.02M\]
\[pOH=-log[OH^{-}]=-log[2.0*10^{-2}M]=1.70\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-1.70=12.3\]
16.3: Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases
Weak Acids
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.a}\)
What is the pH of 0.20M aqueous HF? Ka = 6.8x10-4
- Answer
-
\[HF(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+F^{-}(aq)\]
\[[HF]_{i}>100K_{a}\]
Therefore,
\[[H^{+}]=\sqrt{K_{a}[HF]_{i}}=\sqrt{(6.8*10^{-4})*0.20}=1.2*10^{-2}M\]
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[1.2*10^{-2}M]=1.93\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.b}\)
What is the pH of 0.0050M aqueous HF? Ka = 6.8x10-4
- Answer
-
R HF(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + F-(aq) I 0.0050 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.0050-x x x \(K_{a}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.0050-x}\) Note 100Ka is not less than [HA]i so we need to use the quadratic formula.
\[K_{a}\left ( 0.0050-x \right )=x^{2}\Rightarrow x^{2}+K_{a}x-K_{a}\left ( 0.0050 \right )\]
\[x^{2}+0.00068x-3.4*10^{-5}\]
\[x=\frac{-0.00068\pm \sqrt{\left ( 0.00068 \right )^{2}-4(1)(-3.4*10^{-6})}}{2}\]
\[x=\frac{-0.00068\pm 0.00375}{2}\]
\[x=[H^{+}]=0.001535M\]
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[0.001535M]=2.8\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.c}\)
Which one is more acidic, 0.2MHF or 0.02MHCl?
- Answer
-
\[0.02HCl:\,pH=-log[0.02]=1.70\]
\[0.2HF:\,pH=-log(\sqrt{K_{a}[HA]_{i}})=-log(\sqrt{7.2*10^{-4}[0.2]})=1.93\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.d}\)
What is the pH of 0.04M of NH4Cl? Ka=5.6x10-10
- Answer
-
\[NH_{4}^{+}(aq)\rightleftharpoons NH_{3}(aq)+H^{+}(aq)\,\,\,K_{a}=5.6*10^{-10}\]
\[\left[ NH_{4}^{+} \right \]_{i}>100K_{a}\]
Therefore,
\[[H^{+}]=\sqrt{K_{a}[NH_{4}^{+}]_{i}}=\sqrt{5.6*10^{-10}*(0.04)}=4.73*10^{-6}M\]
\[pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[4.73*10^{-6}M]=5.32\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.e}\)
A 0.10M solution of lactic acid (HC3H5O3, one acidic hydrogen) has a pH of 2.45. What is the Ka for lactic acid?
- Answer
-
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=10^{-2.45}=0.0035M\]
R HC3H5O3(aq) ⇌ C3H5O3-(aq) + H+(aq) I 0.10M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.10-x x x \[K_{a}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.10-x}=\frac{0.0035^{2}}{0.10-0.0035}=1.30*10^{-4}\]
Weak Base
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.f}\)
What is the concentration of OH- in 0.10M of ethylamine (C2H5NH2)? Kb=6.4x10-4
- Answer
-
\[\left [ C_{2}H_{5}NH_{2} \right ]>100K_{b} \]
\[\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=\sqrt{\left (6.4*10^{-4}\right )*0.10}=0.008M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.g}\)
What is the concentration of OH- in 0.005M of ethylamine (C2H5NH2)?
- Answer
-
R C2H5NH2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ C2H5NH3+(aq) + OH-(aq) I 0.005M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.005-x x x \[K_{b}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.005-x}=6.4*10^{-4}\]
\[x=1.5*10^{-3}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.h}\)
Which solution is more basic, 0.10M of ethylamine or 0.01M of NaOH?
- Answer
-
NaOH, 0.01M of NaOH has a pOH of 2.00
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.i}\)
A solution of NH3 has a pH of 10.25. What is the concentration of the solution? Kb=1.8x10-5
- Answer
-
\[10^{-10.25}=5.6*10^{-11} \]
R NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) OH-(aq) I Unknown 0 0 C x +x +x E Unknown x x \[x=\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=\frac{10^{-14}}{5.6*10^{-11}}=1.8*10^{-4} \]
\[K_{b}=\frac{x^{2}}{Unknown-x}=1.8*10^{-5}=\frac{\left (1.8*10^{-4}\right )^{2}}{U-\left (1.8*10^{-4}\right )} \]
\[U=2.0*10^{-3}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.j}\)
If 1.06g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in plenty of water to make 1.0L of the solution, what is the pH of the solution? Kb=1.8x10-4
- Answer
-
\[\frac{\frac{1.06g}{106g/mol}}{1.0L}=0.01M \]
R CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq) I 0.01M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.01-x x x \[K_{b}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.01-x}=1.8*10^{-4} \]
\[x=1.3*10^{-3}M \]
\[pOH=2.90 \]
\[pH=14.00-2.90=11.10\]
Polyprotic Acids
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.k}\)
What is the pH of a 0.002M solution of H2CO3? Ka1=4.3x10-7, Ka2 = 5.6x10-11
- Answer
-
\[Ka_{1}=4.3*10^{-7},\,Ka_{2}=5.6*10^{-11} \]
\[\frac{Ka_{1}}{Ka_{2}}>1000 \]
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka_{1}*0.002}=2.9*10^{-5}M \]
\[pH=4.53\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.l}\)
What is the concentration of CO32- ion in the solution in Q16.3.11?
- Answer
-
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]=2.9*10^{-5}M\]
R HCO3-(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) I 2.9*10-5 2.9*10-5 0 C -x -x +x E 2.9*10-5-x 2.9*10-5-x x \[Ka_{2}=\frac{\left (2.9*10^{-5}-x\right )x}{2.9*10^{-5}-x}=5.6*10^{-11}\]
\[\left [CO_{3}^{2-}\right ]=5.6*10^{-11}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.m}\)
What is the pH of a 0.05M of sulfurous acid (H2SO3)? Ka1=1.7x10-2, Ka2=6.4x10-8
- Answer
-
\[\frac{Ka_{1}}{Ka_{2}}>1000\]
R H2SO3(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) HSO3-(aq) I 0.05 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.05-x x x \[Ka_{1}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.05-x}=1.7*10^{-2}\]
\[x=2.2*10^{-2}M\]
\[pH=1.66\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.n}\)
What is the concentration of SO32- ion in the solution in Q16.3.13?
- Answer
-
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\left [HSO_{3}^{-}\right ]=2.2*10^{-2}M\]
\[Ka_{2}=\frac{\left (2.2*10^{-2}-x\right )x}{2.2*10^{-2}-x}=6.4*10^{-8}\]
\[\left [SO_{3}^{2-}\right ]=6.4*10^{-8}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3.o}\)
What is the concentration of a sample solution of H2CO3 that has a pH = 4.50?
- Answer
-
\[10^{-4.50}=3.16*10^{-5}\]
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka_{1}*\left [H_{2}CO_{3}\right ]}=3.16*10^{-5}M\]
\[Ka_{1}=4.3*10^{-7}\]
\[\left [H_{2}CO_{3}\right ]=0.0023M\]
16.4: Acid-Base Properties of Salts
Percent Ionization
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.a}\)
What is the percent ionization of 0.25 aqueous HF? Ka = 6.8x10-4
- Answer
-
\[HF(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+F^{-}(aq)\]
\[\left [HF\right ]_{i}>100Ka\]
Therefore,
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka\left [HF\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{6.8*10^{-4}*0.25}=1.3*10^{-2}M\]
\[\frac{1.3*10^{-2}}{0.25}=5.2\%\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.b}\)
What is the percent ionization of 0.0055 aqueous HF? Ka = 6.8x10-4
- Answer
-
R HF(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + F-(aq) I 0.0055M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.0055-x x x \[Ka=\frac{x^{2}}{0.0055-x}=6.8*10^{-4}\]
\[x=\left [H^{+}\right ]=1.60*10^{-3}M\]
\[\frac{1.60*10^{-3}}{0.0055}=29.5\%\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.c}\)
What is the percent ionization of 0.05M of NH4Cl? Ka=5.6x10-10
- Answer
-
\(NH_{4}^{+}(aq)\rightleftharpoons NH_{3}(aq)+H^{+}(aq)\), \(Ka=5.6*10^{-10}\)
\[\left [NH_{4}^{+}\right ]_{i}>100Ka\]
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka\left [NH_{4}^{+}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{5.6*10^{-11}*0.005}=5.29*10^{-6}M\]
\[\frac{5.29*10^{-6}}{0.05}*100\%=0.011\%\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.d}\)
What is the percent ionization of a 0.002M solution of H2CO3? Ka1=4.3x10-7, Ka2 = 5.6x10-11
- Answer
-
\[Ka_{1}=4.3*10^{-7}, Ka_{2}=5.6*10^{-11}\]
\[\frac{Ka_{1}}{Ka_{2}}>1000 \left [H^{+}\right ]=\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka_{1}*0.002}=2.9*10^{-5}M\]
\[\frac{2.9*10^{-5}}{0.002}*100\%=1.45\%\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.e}\)
What is the percent ionization of 0.04M of hydrazoic acid (HN3)? Ka=1.9x10-5
- Answer
-
\[HN_{3}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+N_{3}^{-}(aq)\]
\[\left [HN_{3}\right ]_{i}>100Ka\]
Therefore,
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka\left [HN_{3}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{1.9*10^{-5}*0.04}=8.7*10^{-4}M\]
\[\frac{8.7*10^{-4}}{0.04}=2.2\%\]
pH of Various Salts
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.f}\)
What is the pH of 0.05M of NH4Cl? Ka=5.6x10-10
- Answer
-
\(NH_{4}^{+}(aq)\rightleftharpoons NH_{3}(aq)+H^{+}(aq)\), \(Ka=5.6*10^{-10}\)
\[\left [NH_{4}^{+}\right ]_{i}>100Ka\]
Therefore,
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{Ka\left [NH_{4}^{+}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{5.6*10^{-10}*0.05}=5.3*10^{-6}M\]
\[pH=-log\left (5.3*10^{-6}M\right )=5.28\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.g}\)
What is the pH of 0.05M of NaClO? Kb=3.3x10-7
- Answer
-
\(ClO^{-}(aq)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons HClO(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\),\(K_{b}=3.3*10^{-7}\)
\[\left [ClO^{-}\right ]_{i}>100K_{b}\]
\[\left [OH^{-}\right ]=\sqrt{K_{b}\left [ClO^{-}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{3.3*10^{-7}*0.05}=1.3*10^{-4}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left (1.3*10^{-4}M\right )=3.89\]
\[pH=14.00-3.89=10.11\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.h}\)
What is the pH of 0.05M of NaHCO3? Kb=2.3x10-8
- Answer
-
\(HCO_{3}^{-}(aq)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H_{2}CO_{3}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\), \(K_{b}=2.3*10^{-8}\)
\[\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]_{i}>100K_{b}\]
Therefore,
\[\left [OH^{-}\right ]=\sqrt{K_{b}\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{2.3*10^{-8}*0.05}=3.4*10^{-5}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left (3.4*10^{-5}M\right )=4.47\]
\[pH=14.00-4.47=9.53\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.i}\)
What is the pH of 0.05M of KF? Kb=1.5x10-11
- Answer
-
\(F^{-}(aq)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons HF(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\), \(K_{b}=1.5*10^{-11}\)
\[\left [F^{-}\right ]_{i}>100K_{b}\]
Therefore,
\[\left [OH^{-}\right ]=\sqrt{K_{b}\left [F^{-}\right ]_{i}}=\sqrt{1.5*10^{-11}*0.05}=8.7*10^{-7}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left (8.7*10^{-7}M\right )=6.06\]
\[pH=14.00-6.06=7.94\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4.j}\)
How many grams of NaHCO3 will be used to make a 1.0L solution that has a pH = 9.0?
- Answer
-
\[\left [OH^{-}\right ]=10^{-\left (14.0-9.0\right )}=10^{-5}M\]
R HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH-(aq) I Unknown 0 0 C -x +x +x E Unknown-x x x \[K_{b}=\frac{x^{2}}{U-x}=\frac{\left (10^{-5}\right )}{\left (U-10^{-5}\right )}=2.3*10^{-8}\]
\[U=\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]=4.4*10^{-3}M\]
\[4.4*10^{-3}M*1.0L=4.4*10^{-3}mol\]
\[84.0g/mol*4.4*10^{-3}mol=0.37g\]
16.5: Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations
Acid Anhydrides
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.a}\)
What is the pH of the solution if 0.05mol of SO3 is dissolved in the water to make 1.0L solution? (SO3 is very soluble.)
- Answer
-
\[SO_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H_{2}SO_{4}(aq)\]
\[H_{2}SO_{4}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+HSO_{4}^{-}(aq)\]
\[\frac{0.05mol}{1.0L}=0.05M pH=-log\left (0.05M\right )=1.30\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.b}\)
How many grams of SO3 is needed to make a 1.0L solution that has a pH=1.0?
- Answer
-
\[SO_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H_{2}SO_{4}(aq)\]
\[H_{2}SO_{4}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+HSO_{4}^{-}(aq)\]
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=0.1M\]
\[0.1M*1.0L=0.1mol\]
\[0.1mol*80g/mol=8.0g\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.c}\)
What is the pH of the solution if 0.002mol of CO2 is dissolved in the water to make 1.0L solution at 25oC and 0.1atm? (The solubility of CO2 in pure water at 25oC and 0.1atm is 0.0037M.) Ka1=4.3x10-7, Ka2 = 5.6x10-11
- Answer
-
\[CO_{2}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H_{2}CO_{3}(aq)\]
\[H_{2}CO_{3}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+HCO_{3}^{-}(aq)\]
\[\frac{0.002mol}{1.0L}=0.002M\]
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\sqrt{4.3*10^{-7}*0.002}=2.93*10^{-5}M \[pH=-log\left (2.93*10^{-5}M\right )=4.53\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.d}\)
What is the concentration of CO32- ion in the solution in Q 16.5.3?
- Answer
-
\[\left [H^{+}\right ]=\left [HCO_{3}^{-}\right ]=2.93*10^{-5}M\]
R HCO3-(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) I 2.93*10-5 2.93*10-5 0 C -x +x +x E 2.93*10-5-x 2.93*10-5+x x \[Ka_{2}=\frac{\left (2.93*10^{-5}-x\right)x}{2.93*10^{-5}+x}=5.6*10^{-11}\]
\[\left [CO_{3}^{2-}\right]=5.6*10^{-11}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.e}\)
How many grams of CO2 is needed at 25oC and 0.1atm to make a 1.0L solution that has a pH=4.50?
- Answer
-
\[pH=4.50\]
\[\left [H^{+}\right]=10^{-4.50}=3.16*10^{-5}M\]
\[CO_{2}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H_{2}CO_{3}(aq)\]
R H2CO3(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) I M 0 0 C -x +x +x E M-x 3.16*10-5 x \[Ka=\frac{\left ( 3.16*10^{-5} \right )^{2}}{M-3.16*10^{-5}}=4.3*10^{-7}\]
\[M=2.35*10^{-3}mol/L\]
\[2.35M*1.0L=2.36mol\]
\[2.35mol*44g/mol=0.10g\]
Basic Anhydrides
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.f}\)
What is the pH of the solution that is prepared by dissolving 0.62g of Na2O in enough water to make 1.0L?
- Answer
-
\[Na_{2}O(s)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons 2NaOH(aq)\]
\[NaOH(aq)\rightleftharpoons Na^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\]
\[\left [NaOH\right ]=\left [OH^{-}\right ]=\frac{2*\frac{0.62g}{62g/mol}}{1.0L}=0.02M\]
\[pH=14-log\left [OH^{-}\right ]=14.0-\left (-log\left (0.02M\right )\right )=12.3\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.g}\)
How many grams of Na2O is needed to make a 1.0L solution that has a pH=13.0?
- Answer
-
\[pH=13.0\]
\[\left [OH^{-}\right]=10^{-\left (14-13\right )}=0.10M\]
\[0.10M*1.0L=0.10mol\]
\[Na_{2}O(s)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons 2NaOH(aq)\]
\[\frac{Na_{2}O}{2NaOH}=\frac{xmol}{0.10mol}\]
\[x=0.05mol\]
\[0.05mol*62g/mol=3.10g\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.h}\)
What is the pH of the solution that is prepared by dissolving 0.56g of CaO in the water to make 1.0L?
- Answer
-
\[CaO(s)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}(aq)\]
\[Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}(aq)\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+}(aq)+2OH^{-}(aq)\]
\[2\left [Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}\right]=\left [OH^{-}\right ]=\frac{2*\frac{0.56g}{56g/mol}}{1.0L}=0.02M\]
\[pH=14-\left (-log\left [ OH^{-} \right ]\right )=14.0-1.70=12.3\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.i}\)
How many grams of CaO is needed to make a 1.0L solution that has a pH = 13.0?
- Answer
-
\[pH=13.0\]
\[\left [OH^{-}\right]=10^{-\left ( 14-13 \right )}=0.10M\]
\[0.10M*1.0L=0.10mol\]
\[CaO(s)+H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}(aq)\]
\[Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}(aq)\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+}(aq)+2OH^{-}(aq)\]
\[\frac{2OH^{-}}{Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}}=\frac{Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}}{CaO}=\frac{0.10mol}{xmol}\]
\[x=0.05mol\]
\[0.05mol*56g/mol=2.80g\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.j}\)
If 100.0ml of the solution in Q 16.5.9 is transferred to a 500.0ml container, and plenty water was added to fill it up, what is the pH of the solution?
- Answer
-
\[\left [OH^{-}\right]=10^{-\left ( 14-13 \right )}=0.10M\]
\[Ca\left (OH\right )_{2}(aq)\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+}(aq)+2OH^{-}(aq)\]
\[\frac{\left [ Ca\left (OH\right )_{2} \right ]}{\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}=\frac{1}{2}\]
\[\left [ Ca\left (OH\right )_{2} \right ]=0.05M\]
\[\frac{0.05M*0.10L}{0.50L}=0.01M \left [ OH^{-} \right ]=0.02M\]
\[pH=14-\left ( -log\left [ OH^{-} \right ] \right )=14.0-1.7=12.3\]
Polyprotic Acids
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.k}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the pH of H2SeO3?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left [ HSeO_{3}^{-} \right ]=-log\sqrt{2.7*10^{-5}\left ( 0.50M \right )}=2.43\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.l}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the concentration of H+?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=\left [ HSeO_{3}^{-} \right ]=\sqrt{2.7*10^{-5}\left ( 0.50M \right )}=0.0037M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.m}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the concentration of HSeO3-?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=\left [ HSeO_{3}^{-} \right ]=\sqrt{2.7*10^{-5}\left ( 0.50M \right )}=0.0037M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.n}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the concentration of H2SeO3?
- Answer
-
\[H_{2}SeO_{3}=0.50M-\left [ H^{+} \right ]=0.50M-0.0037M=0.4963M=0.50M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.o}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the concentration of OH-?
- Answer
-
\[\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=\frac{K_{w}}{\left [ H^{+} \right ]}=\frac{10^{-14}}{\left [ H^{+} \right ]}=2.7*10^{-12}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5.p}\)
Consider 0.50M of H2SeO3 for the following questions.
Ka1=2.7x10-5 Ka2=2.5x10-9
What is the concentration of SeO32-?
- Answer
-
\[Ka_{2}=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ CO_{3}^{2-} \right ]}{\left [ HCO_{3}^{-} \right ]}=\left [ CO_{3}^{2-} \right ]=2.5*10^{-9}M\]
16.7: Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.a}\)
CO can form complexes with metals, eg. Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4. Is CO a lewis acid or a lewis base? Is the metal, such as Fe(II), a lewis acid or a lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis base
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.b}\)
In Q 16.7.1, Is the metal, such as Fe(II), a lewis acid or a lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis acid
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.c}\)
In the reaction, \(Zn\left ( OH \right )_{2}(s)+2OH^{-}(aq)\rightleftharpoons Zn\left ( OH \right )_{4}^{2-}(aq)\), Which one is the lewis acid?
- Answer
-
\(Zn\left ( OH \right )_{2}\)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.d}\)
In the reaction, \(CO_{2}+O^{2-}\rightarrow CO_{3}^{2-}\), Which one is the lewis acid and lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis acid: \(CO_{2}\)
Lewis base: \(O^{2-}\)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.e}\)
Can CH3NH2 be a lewis acid or a lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis base
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.f}\)
Trimethylamine (CH3)3N can react with diborane B2H6 after its dissociation to form (CH3)3N-BH3. Which one is the lewis acid? Which one is the lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis acid: B2H6
Lewis base: (CH3)3N
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.g}\)
In the reaction, \(H_{2}NOH(aq)+HCl(aq)\rightarrow \left [ H_{3}NOH \right ]Cl(aq)\), which one is the lewis acid?
- Answer
-
\(H_{2}NOH\)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7.h}\)
In the reaction, \(SO_{2}(g)+BF_{3}(g)\rightarrow O_{2}S-BF_{3}(s)\), which one is the lewis acid? and the lewis base?
- Answer
-
Lewis acid: BF3
Lewis base: SO2
General Questions
Exercise \(\PageIndex{a}\)
Which of the following would be considered a base according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition but not by the Arrhenius definition?
- Ba(OH)2 (aq)
- HBr (g)
- HF (g)
- KOH (aq)
- NH3 (g)
- Answer
-
e. NH3 (g)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{b}\)
Which of the following is a Brønsted-Lowry acid?
- (CH3)3NH+
- CH3COOH
- HF
- HNO2
- all of these
- Answer
-
e. all of these
Exercise \(\PageIndex{c}\)
Which one is more acidic, HNO2 or HNO3?
- Answer
-
HNO3
Exercise \(\PageIndex{d}\)
Which one is more acidic H3AsO3 or H3AsO4?
- Answer
-
H3AsO4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{e}\)
List the acids in order of increasing acid strength: HClO2, HBrO2, HIO2
- Answer
-
HIO2, HBrO2, HClO2
Exercise \(\PageIndex{f}\)
List the compounds in order of increasing acid strength: AsH3, HBr, NaH, H2O
- Answer
-
NaH, AsH3, H2O, HBr
Exercise \(\PageIndex{g}\)
List the compounds in order of increasing acid strength: H2TeO3, H2TeO4, H2O
- Answer
-
H2O, H2TeO3, H2TeO4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{h}\)
What is the conjugate acid of NH3?
- Answer
-
NH4+
Exercise \(\PageIndex{i}\)
What is the conjugate base of OH-?
- Answer
-
O2-
Exercise \(\PageIndex{j}\)
The following acids are listed in order of increasing strength. List their conjugate bases in order of increasing strength. HCN, CH3COOH, HF, HClO4:
- Answer
-
ClO4-, F-, CH3COO-, CN-
Exercise \(\PageIndex{k}\)
The hydride ion, (H-), is a stronger base that the hydroxide ion, (OH-). The products of the reaction H-(aq) + H2O(l) → products are _____.
- Answer
-
OH-(aq) + H2(aq)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{l}\)
The magnitude of Kw indicated that
- water autoionizes very slowly
- water autoionizes very quickly
- water autoionizes only to a very small extent
- the autoionization of water is exothermic
- the autoionization of water is endothermic
- Answer
-
c. water autoionizes only to a very small extent
Exercise \(\PageIndex{m}\)
What is the concentration of water in pure water?
- 18 M
- 100 M
- 55 M
- 0.100 M
- 83 M
- Answer
-
c. 55 M
Exercise \(\PageIndex{n}\)
What is the pH of a solution in which the molar concentration of HCl is 1.3 * 10-11?
- Answer
-
\[pH = -log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 1.3*10^{-11} \right )=10.89\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{o}\)
What is the pH of a 0.015 M solution of barium hydroxide?
- Answer
-
\[Ba(OH)_{2}\rightarrow Ba^{2+} + 2OH^{-}\]
\[[OH^{-}]=2*M=2*0.015M=0.03M\]
\[pOH=-log[OH^{-}]=-log(0.03M)=1.52\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-1.52=12.48\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{p}\)
What is the pH of an aqueous solution at 25°C in which [H+] is 0.0025 M?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 0.0025M \right )=2.60\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{q}\)
What is the pH of a solution that contains 3.98 * 10-9 M hydronium ion at 25°C?
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 3.98*10-9M \right )=8.400\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{r}\)
Calculate the pOH of a solution at 25°C that contains 1.94 * 10-10M hydronium ions.
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 1.94 * 10-10M \right )=9.712\]
\[pOH=14-pH=14-9.712=4.288\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{s}\)
Which solution below has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?
- pH = 3.21
- pH = 12.59
- pH = 7.93
- pH = 9.82
- pH = 7.00
- Answer
-
pH = 12.59
\[OH-]=10^{-12.59}=2.570*10^{-13}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{t}\)
What is the [H+] of an aqueous solution whose pH is 8.11?
- Answer
-
\[H+]=10^{-8.11}=7.76*10^{-9}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{u}\)
What is the concentration of H+ in a solution at 25°C with a pH of 7.35?
- Answer
-
\[H+]=10^{-7.35}=4.47*10^{-8}M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{v}\)
What is the [OH-] and pH of a 0.035M KOH solution at 25°C?
- Answer
-
\[\left [KOH\right ]=\left [OH^{-}\right ]=0.035M\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-\left ( -log\left [OH^{-}\right ] \right 14-1.46=12.54\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{w}\)
The pH of a 0.011 M NaOH solution at 25°C is _____.
- Answer
-
\[pOH=-log\left (OH^{-}\right )=-log\left (0.011M\right )=1.96\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-1.96=12.04\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{x}\)
Which of the following possesses the greatest concentration of hydroxide ion?
- a solution with a pH of 3.0
- a 1 * 10-4 M solution of HNO3
- a solution with a pOH of 12.0
- pure water
- a 1 * 10-3 M solution of NH4Cl
- Answer
-
d. pure water
Exercise \(\PageIndex{y}\)
What is the pH of a 0.053 M solution of Ca(OH)2?
- Answer
-
\[\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=2*M=2*0.053M=0.11M\]
\[pOH=-log\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=-log\left ( 0.11M \right )=0.96\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-0.96=13.04\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{z}\)
The pH of a 0.030 M HCl solution at 25°C is _____.
- Answer
-
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 0.030M \right )=1.52\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{aa}\)
What is the [H+] and pH of a 0.0037 M HBr solution at 25°C?
- Answer
-
\[\left [ HBr \right ]=\left [ H^{+} \right ]=0.0037M\]
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 0.0037M \right )=2.43\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ab}\)
What is the conjugate base of HSO4-? Conjugate acid?
- Answer
-
SO42-, H2SO4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ac}\)
Which of the following acids is not a strong acid?
- H2CO3
- H2SO4
- HNO3
- HClO4
- HCl
- Answer
-
a. H2CO3
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ad}\)
What molar concentration of aqueous barium hydroxide would have pH = 12.25?
- Answer
-
\[pOH=14-pH=14-12.25=1.75\]
\[\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=10^{-1.75}=0.01778M\]
\[\left [ Ba\left ( OH \right )_{2} \right ]=\frac{\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}{2}=\frac{0.01778M}{2}=0.008891M\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ae}\)
What molar concentration of aqueous hydrochloric acid would have a pH = 9.50?
- Answer
-
It is not possible for a solution of hydrochloric acid to have a pH = 9.50
Exercise \(\PageIndex{af}\)
Which one of the following is the weakest acid
- HF (Ka = 6.8 * 10-4)
- HClO (Ka = 3.0 * 10-8)
- HNO2 (Ka = 4.5 *10-4)
- HCN (Ka = 4.9 * 10-10)
- Acetic Acid (Ka = 1.8 *10-5)
- Answer
-
d. HCN (Ka = 4.9 * 10-10)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ag}\)
Using the table below, which is the strongest acid?
Acid |
Ka |
HOAc |
1.8 * 10-5 |
HCHO2 |
1.8 * 10-4 |
HClO |
3.0 * 10-8 |
HF |
6.8 * 10-4 |
- Answer
-
HF with a Ka=6.8 * 10-4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ah}\)
What is the percent ionization of hypochlorous acid (HClO) in a 0.015 M aqueous solution of HClO at 25C? (Ka = 3.0 * 10-8)
- Answer
-
R HClO ⇌ H+ + ClO- I 0.015M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.015-x x x \[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ ClO^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HClO \right ]}\]
\[3.0*10^{-8}=\frac{\left [ x \right ]\left [ x \right ]}{\left [ 0.015-x \right ]}\]
\[x=2.12*10^{-5}M \%\,ionization=\frac{Amount\,of\,acid\,ionized}{Amount\,of\,initial\,acid}*100\]
\[\%\,ionization=\frac{2.12*10^{-5}}{0.015}*100=0.14%\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ai}\)
A 0.15M aqueous solution of the weak acid HA at 25°C has a pH of 5.35. What is the value of Ka for HA?
- Answer
-
R HA ⇌ H+ + A- I 0.15M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.15-x x x \[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ A^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HA \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.15-x)}\]
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=x=10^{-pH}=10^{-5.35}=4.47*10^{-6}M\]
\[Ka=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.15-x)}=\frac{(4.47*10^{-6})(4.47*10^{-6})}{(0.15-(4.47*10^{-6}))}=\frac{2.00*10^{-11}}{0.150}=1.33*10^{-10}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{aj}\)
The Ka of HClO is 3.0*10-8. What is the pH at 25°C of an aqueous solution that is 0.020M in HClO?
- Answer
-
R HClO ⇌ H+ + ClO- I 0.020M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.020-x x x \[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ ClO^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HClO \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.020-x)}\]
\[3.0*10^{-8}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.020-x)}\]
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=x=2.5*10^{-5}M\]
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 2.5*10^{-5} \right )=4.61\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ak}\)
The Ka of HF is 6.8*10-4. What is the pH of a 0.35M solution of HF? 1.81
- Answer
-
R HF ⇌ H+ + F- I 0.35M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.35-x x x \[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ F^{-} \right ]}{\left [ H \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.35-x)}\]
\[6.8*10^{-4}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.35-x)}\]
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=x=1.5*10^{-2}M\]
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left ( 1.5*10^{-2} \right )=1.81\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{al}\)
A 0.25M solution of the weak acid HX has a pH of 4.15. What is the value of Ka for HX?
- Answer
-
\[HX\rightleftharpoons H^{+}+X^{-}\]
\[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ X^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HX \right ]}\]
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=\left [ A^{-} \right ]=10^{-pH}=10^{-4.15}=7.08*10^{-5}M\]
\[Ka=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ X^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HX \right ]}=\frac{\left ( 7.08*10^{-5}M \right )\left ( 7.08*10^{-5}M \right )}{\left ( 0.25M \right )}=2.0*10^{-8}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{am}\)
A 0.0035M aqueous solution of a compound has a pH=2.46. The compound is
- a weak base
- a weak acid
- a strong acid
- a strong base
- a salt
- Answer
-
c. a strong acid
Exercise \(\PageIndex{an}\)
In which of the following aqueous solution does the weak acid exhibit the highest percentage ionization?
- 0.01M HC2H2C2 (Ka =3.0*10-8)
- 0.01M HNO2 (Ka = 4.5*10-4)
- 0.01M HF (Ka = 6.8*10-4)
- 0.01M HClO (Ka = 3.0*10-8)
- These will all exhibit the same percentage ionization
- Answer
-
c. 0.01M HF (Ka = 6.8*10-4)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ao}\)
An aqueous solution of phosphoric acid has a concentration of 2.5M. (Ka1 = 7.5*10-3, Ka2 = 6.2*10-8, Ka3 = 4.2*10-13)
- What is the pH?
- What is the molar concentration of phosphate ion?
- Answer a.
-
First dissociation of phosphoric acid:
\[H_{3}PO_{4}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}(aq)\,\,\,K_{a1}=7.5*10^{-3}\]
\[H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+HPO_{4}^{2-}(aq)\,\,\,K_{a2}=6.2*10^{-8}\]
\[HPO_{4}^{2-}(aq)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+PO_{4}^{3-}(aq)\,\,\,K_{a3}=4.2*10^{-13}\]
R H3PO4(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) I 2.5M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 2.5+x x x \[K_{a1}=\frac{\left [H^{+}\right ]\left [H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\right ]}{\left [H_{3}PO_{4}\right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(2.5-x)}=7.5*10^{-3}\]
\[x=\left [H^{+}\right ]=0.13323M\]
Second dissociation of phosphoric acid:
R H2PO4-(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + HPO42-(aq) I 0.13323M 0.13323M 0 C -y +y +y E 0.13323-y 0.13323+y y \[K_{a2}=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ HPO_{4}^{2-} \right ]}{\left [ H_{2}PO_{4}^{-} \right ]}=\frac{(y)(0.13323+y)}{0.13323-y}=6.2*10^{-8}\]
(Assume <<0.13323 M)
\[\left [ H^{+} \right ]=K_{a2}=6.2*10^{-8}\]
The [H+] from the second step is negligible.
Third dissociation of phosphoric acid:
R HPO42-(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + PO43-(aq) I 6.2*10-8M 0.13323M 0 C -z +z +z E 6.2*10-8-z 0.13323+z y \[K_{a3}=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ PO_{4}^{3-} \right ]}{\left [ HPO_{4}^{2-} \right ]}=\frac{\left ( z \right )\left ( 0.13323+z \right )}{\left ( 6.2*10^{-8} \right )-z}=4.2*10^{-13}\]
\[z=1.4*10^{-19}M\]
The [H+] from the third step is negligible.
\[pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left [ 0.13323 \right ]=0.88\]
- Answer b.
-
First dissociation of phosphoric acid:
R H3PO4(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) I 2.5M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 2.5+x x x \[K_{a1}=\frac{\left [H^{+}\right ]\left [H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\right ]}{\left [H_{3}PO_{4}\right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(2.5-x)}=7.5*10^{-3}\]
\[x=\left [H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\right ]=0.13323M\]
For the second dissociation:
\[K_{a2}=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ HPO_{4}^{2-} \right ]}{\left [ H_{2}PO_{4}^{-} \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(0.13323-x)}=6.2*10^{-8}\]
\[x=\left [ HPO_{4}^{2-} \right ]=1.92*10^{-4}M\]
For the third dissociation:
\[K_{a3}=\frac{\left [ H^{+} \right ]\left [ PO_{4}^{3-} \right ]}{\left [ HPO_{4}^{2-} \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{(1.92*10^{-4})-x}=4.2*10^{-13}\]
\[x=\left [ PO_{4}^{3-} \right ]=1.92*10^{-19}M\
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ap}\)
Which species form the following list would be the strongest Bronsted-Lowry base?
- Cl-
- Br-
- NO3-
- F-
- ClO-
- Answer
-
d. F-
Exercise \(\PageIndex{aq}\)
Which of the following ions will act as a weak base in water?
- OH-
- Cl-
- NO3-
- ClO-
- None of these will act as a weak base in water
- Answer
-
d. ClO-
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ar}\)
The pH of a 0.10M solution of a weak base is 9.82. What is the Kb for this base?
- Answer
-
\[pH+pOH=14\]
\[pOH=14-9.82=4.18\]
\[left [ OH^{-} \right ]=10^{-pOH}=10^{-4.18}=6.61*10^{5}M\]
\[K_{b}=\frac{\left [ B^{+} \right ]\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}{\left [ BOH \right ]}=\frac{\left ( 6.61*10^{5} \right )^{2}}{\left ( 0.1-\left ( 6.61*10^{5} \right ) \right )}=4.37*10^{-8}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{as}\)
Given that the Ka for gallic acid, (HC7H5O5) is 4.57*10-3, what is the Kb for the gallate ion (NaC7H5O5)? T = 25°C
- Answer
-
\[K_{b}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{a}}=\frac{10^{-14}}{4.57*10^{-3}}=2.19*10^{-12}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{at}\)
Kb for C5H5N is 1.4*10-9. Ka for C5H5NH+ is _____. T = 25°C
- Answer
-
\[K_{a}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{b}}=\frac{10^{-14}}{1.4*10^{-9}}=7.1*10^{-6}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{au}\)
Ka for HF is 7.0*10-4. Kb for the fluoride ion is _____.
- Answer
-
\[K_{b}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{a}}=\frac{10^{-14}}{7.0*10^{-4}}=1.4*10^{-11}\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{av}\)
Calculate the pOH of a 0.0827M aqueous sodium cyanide solution at 25°C (for CN-, Kb = 4.9*10-10).
- Answer
-
R CN-(aq) + H2O(aq) ⇌ HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) I 0.0827M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.0827-x x x \[K_{b}=\frac{\left [ HCN \right ]\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}{\left [ CN^{-} \right ]}=\frac{x^{2}}{0.0827-x}=4.9*10^{-10}\]
\[x=\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=6.4*10^{-6}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=-log\left [ 6.4*10^{-6}M \right ]=5.20\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{aw}\)
Determine the pH of a 0.15M solution of KF. For hydrofluoric acid, Ka = 7.0*10-4.
- Answer
-
\[K_{b}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{a}}\frac{10^{-14}}{7.0*10^{-4}}=1.4*10^{-11}\]
\[K_{b}=\frac{\left [ HF \right ]\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}{\left [ F^{-} \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{0.15-x}=1.4*10^{-11}\]
\[x=\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=1.45*10^{-6}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=-log\left [ 1.45*10^{-6}M \right ]=5.84\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-5.84=8.16\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ax}\)
Calculate the pH of 0.726M anilinium hydrochloride, (C6H5NH3Cl) solution in water given that Kb for aniline is 3.83*10-4.
- Answer
-
\[K_{a}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{b}}\frac{10^{-14}}{3.83*10^{-4}}=2.61*10^{-11}\]
\[K_{a}=\frac{\left [ C_{6}H_{5}NH_{2} \right ]\left [ H^{+} \right ]}{\left [ C_{6}H_{5}NH_{3}^{+} \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{0.726-x}=2.61*10^{-11}\]
\[x=\left [ H^{+} \right ]=4.35*10^{-6}M pH=-log\left [ H^{+} \right ]=-log\left [ 4.35*10^{-6}M \right ]=5.36\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ay}\)
The Ka for formic acid (HCHO2) is 1.8*10-4. What is the pH of a 0.35M solution of sodium formate (NaCHO2)?
- Answer
-
R HCOO-(aq) + H2O(l) HCOOH(aq) + OH-(aq) I 0.35M 0 0 C -x +x +x E 0.35-x x x \[K_{b}=\frac{K_{w}}{K_{a}}=\frac{10^{-14}}{1.8*10^{-4}}=5.56*10^{-11}\]
\[K_{b}=\frac{\left [ HCOOH \right ]\left [ OH^{-} \right ]}{\left [ HCOO^{-} \right ]}=\frac{(x)(x)}{0.35-x}=5.56*10^{-11}\]
\[x=\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=4.41*10^{-6}M\]
\[pOH=-log\left [ OH^{-} \right ]=-log\left [ 4.41*10^{-6}M \right ]=5.36\]
\[pH=14-pOH=14-5.36=8.64\]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{az}\)
A 0.1M aqueous solution of _____ will have the highest pH.
- KCN, Ka of HCN = 4.0*10-10
- NH2NO3, Kb of NH3 = 1.8*10-5
- NaOAc, Ka of HOAc = 1.8*10-5
- NaClO, Ka of HClO = 3.2*10-8
- NaHS, Kb of HS- = 1.8*10-7
- Answer
-
a. KCN, Ka of HCN = 4.0*10-10
Exercise \(\PageIndex{ba}\)
A 0.1M solution of _____ has a pH of 7.0.
- Na2S
- KF
- NaNO3
- NH3Cl
- NaF
- Answer
-
c. NaNO3
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bb}\)
Ka of HX is 7.5*10-12. What is the pH of a 0.15M solution of NaX?
- Answer
-
Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bc}\)
Of the following, which is the strongest acid?
- HIO
- HIO4
- HIO2
- HIO3
- The acid strength of all these is nearly the same.
- Answer
-
b. HIO4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bd}\)
Of the following, the acid strength of _____ is the greatest.
- CH3COOH
- ClCH2COOH
- Cl2CHCOOH
- Cl3CCOOH
- BrCH2COOH
- Answer
-
d. Cl3CCOOH
Exercise \(\PageIndex{be}\)
Of the following, _____ is the strongest acid.
- Cl3C-COOH
- H3C-COOH
- Br2C-COOH
- F3C-COOH
- Br2ClC-COOH
- Answer
-
d.F3C-COOH
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bf}\)
Which of the following acids will be the strongest?
- H2SO4
- HSO4-
- H2SO3
- H2SeO4
- HSO3-
- Answer
-
a. H2SO4
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bg}\)
The more electronegative X is, the _____ polar will be the H-X bond and the _____ easily the H-X bond is broken, making HX more _____ acidic.
- more, less, weakly
- more, more, weakly
- more, more, strongly
- more, less, strongly
- less, less, strongly
- Answer
-
c. more, more, strongly
Exercise \(\PageIndex{bh}\)
Which one of the following cannot act as a Lewis base?
- Cl-
- NH3
- BF3
- CN-
- H2O
- Answer
-
C. BF3