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2: Aromatics and Alcohols

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    501372
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    • 2.1: Aromatic Compounds- Benzene
      Aromatic hydrocarbons appear to be unsaturated, but they have a special type of bonding and do not undergo addition reactions.
    • 2.2: Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
      Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring or have certain benzene-like properties; for our purposes, you can recognize aromatic compounds by the presence of one or more benzene rings in their structure.
    • 2.3: Functional Groups
      The functional group, a structural arrangement of atoms and/or bonds, is largely responsible for the properties of organic compound families.
    • 2.4: Alcohols - Nomenclature and Classification
      In the IUPAC system, alcohols are named by changing the ending of the parent alkane name to -ol. Alcohols are classified according to the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom that is attached to the OH group.
    • 2.5: Physical Properties of Alcohols
      Alcohols have higher boiling points than do ethers and alkanes of similar molar masses because the OH group allows alcohol molecules to engage in hydrogen bonding. Alcohols of four or fewer carbon atoms are soluble in water because the alcohol molecules engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules; comparable alkane molecules cannot engage in hydrogen bonding.
    • 2.6: Reactions that Form Alcohols
      Many alcohols are made by the hydration of alkenes. Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of sugars or starch from various sources.
    • 2.7: Reactions of Alcohols
      Alcohols can be dehydrated to form either alkenes (higher temperature, excess acid) or ethers (lower temperature, excess alcohol). Primary alcohols are oxidized to form aldehydes. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to form ketones. Tertiary alcohols are not readily oxidized.
    • 2.8: Glycols and Glycerol
      Glycols are alcohols with two OH groups on adjacent carbon atoms. Glycerol is the most important trihydroxy alcohol.
    • 2.9: Phenols
      Phenols are compounds in which an OH group is attached directly to an aromatic ring. Many phenols are used as antiseptics.


    2: Aromatics and Alcohols is shared under a mixed license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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