7: Carbohydrates - An Introduction
- Page ID
- 431829
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 7.1: Introduction to Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and starches. Monosaccharide are building blocks of carbohydrates.
- 7.2: Important Pentoses and Hexoses
- Two pentoses in living organisms are ribose and 2-deoxyribose. Three abundant hexoses in living organisms are glucose and galactose and fructose.
- 7.3: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides that are pentoses or hexoses form cyclic structures in aqueous solution. Two cyclic isomers can form from each straight-chain monosaccharide; these are known as anomers.
- 7.4: Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides. The common disaccharides are maltose, lactose, sucrose, and cellobiose.
- 7.5: Polysaccharides of Glucose
- Starch is a storage form of energy in plants. Glycogen is a storage form of energy in animals. Cellulose is a structural polymer of glucose units found in plants.
- 7.6: Digestion of Carbohydrates
- During digestion, carbohydrates in our diet are broken down into monosaccharides via a hydrolysis reaction. Digestion of starch starts in the mouth, however most of the digestion occur in the small intestine.
- 7.7: Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions producing two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH.
- 7.8: Fate of Pyruvate
- In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate or alcohol. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.
- 7.9: Gluconeogenesis
- Gluconeogenesis is an anabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate, amino acids, oxaloacetate, glycerol and pyruvate. This pathway is generally only active during periods of intense exercise or starvation.
- 7.10: Ketone Bodies
- Acetyl-CoA is required to start the citric acid cycle. However if it is not used by the citric acid cycle it can be converted to ketone bodies.
- 7.11: End of Chapter Problems
- This problem set is based on Chapter 7 topics.