Supplemental Modules (Organic Chemistry)
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- Acid Halides
- Nomenclature of Acid Halides
- Properties of Acyl Halides
- Reactions of Acid Halides
- Acid chlorides can be converted to aldehydes using LiAlH(Ot-Bu)3
- Acid chlorides react with alcohols to form esters
- Acid chlorides react with ammonia, 1° amines and 2° amines to form amides
- Acid Chlorides react with carboxylic acids to form anhydrides
- Acid chlorides react with water to form carboxylic acids.
- Addition & Elimination Reactions in Acyl Chlorides
- General reaction mechanism of acid chlorides
- Organocuprate reagents convert acid chlorides to ketones
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides Involving Nitrogen Compounds
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides Involving Oxygen Compounds
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides with Alcohols
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides with Ammonia
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides with Primary Amines
- Reactions of Acyl Chlorides with Water
- Using Acyl Chlorides in Friedel-Crafts Reactions
- Synthesis of Acid Halides
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Nomenclature of Alkenes
- Properties of Alkenes
- Synthesis of Alkenes
- Alkanes from Reduction of Carboxylates - Kolbe's Electrolytic method
- Alkenes by Dehydration of Alcohols
- Alkenes from Aldehydes and Ketones - Wittig Reaction
- Alkenes from Dehydration of Alcohols
- Alkenes from Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes
- Alkenes from Hydrogenation of Alkynes
- Prepartion of Alkenes
- Zaitsev's Rule
- Reactivity of Alkenes
- Addition of Sulfuric acid to Alkenes
- Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- Addition Reactions of Dienes
- Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
- Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes II
- Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes II
- Diazomethane, Carbenes, and Cyclopropane Synthesis
- Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
- Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
- Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides II
- Free Radical Reactions of Alkenes
- Hydration of Alkenes
- Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
- Oxacyclopropane Synthesis
- Oxidation of Alkenes with Potassium Manganate
- Ozonolysis
- Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes
- Polymerization of Alkenes
- Reactions of Alkenes with Halogens
- Stereoselectivity in Addition Reactions to Double Bonds
- Vicinal Syn Dihydroxylation
- Alkynes
- Nomenclature of Alkynes
- Properties of Alkynes
- Reactivity of Alkynes
- Addition by Electrophilic Reagents
- Anti-Markovnikov Additions to Triple Bonds
- Catalytic Hydrogenation
- Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes
- Hydration of Alkynes and Tautomerism
- Hydroboration Reactions and Oxidations
- Nucleophilic Addition Reactions & Reduction
- Nucleophilic Reactivity of Deprotonated Alkynes
- Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes
- Reducing Alkynes-The Reactivity of the Two π Bonds
- Synthesis of Alkynes
- Alcohols
- Nomenclature of Alcohols
- Properties of Alcohols
- Reactivity of Alcohols
- Dehydrating Alcohols to Make Alkenes
- Electrophilic Substitution at Oxygen
- Elimination Reactions of Alcohols
- Hydroxyl Group Substitution
- Reactions of alcohols with hydrohalic acids (HX)
- Reduction of Alcohols
- Replacing the OH Group by Halogen Atoms
- The Oxidation of Alcohols
- The Reaction Between Alcohols and Sodium
- The Triiodomethane (Iodoform) Reaction
- Thionyl Chloride
- Synthesis of Alcohols
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones
- Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
- Reactivity of Aldehydes & Ketones
- Addition-Elimination Reactions
- Addition of Alcohols to form Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Addition of Secondary Amines to Form Enamines
- Addition of Water to form Hydrates (Gem-Diols)
- Alpha-carbon Reactions
- Carbonyl Group-Mechanisms of Addition
- Carbonyl Group Reactions
- Clemmensen Reduction
- Conjugate Addition Reactions
- Cyanohydrins
- Irreversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Reactions with Grignard Reagents
- Reaction with Primary Amines to form Imines
- Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Reduction of Carbonyls to Alcohols Using Metal Hydrides
- Reductive Amination
- Reversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Simple Addition Reactions
- The Triiodomethane (Iodoform) Reaction
- The Wittig Reaction
- Tollens’ Test
- Wolff-Kishner Reduction
- Synthesis of Aldehydes & Ketones
- Alkyl Halides
- Properties of Alkyl Halides
- Haloalkanes
- Introduction to Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
- Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
- Alkyl Halide Reactions
- Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Ammonia
- Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Silver Nitrate
- The Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Cyanide Ions
- The Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Hydroxide Ions
- Synthesis of Alkyl Halides
- Uses of Alkyl Halides
- Properties of Alkyl Halides
- Amides
- Amines
- Anhydrides
- Arenes
- Nomenclature of Arenes
- Properties of Arenes
- Reactivity of Arenes
- Benzene
- Characteristics of Specific Substitution Reactions of Benzenes
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Electrophilic Substitution of Disubstituted Benzene Rings
- Nucleophilic Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- Reactions of Fused Benzene Rings
- Reactions of Substituent Groups
- Substitution Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- Electrophilic Substitution of Disubstituted Benzene Rings
- Friedel-Crafts Acylation
- Halogenation of Benzene-The Need for a Catalyst
- Halogenation of Benzene and Methylbenzene
- Modifying the Influence of Strong Activating Groups
- Nitration and Sulfonation of Benzene
- Nitration of Benzene and Methylbenzene
- Other Reactions of Benzene and Methylbenzene
- Reactions of Fused Benzene Rings
- Reactions of Substituent Groups
- Substitution Reactions of Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds
- Substitution Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- Benzene
- Synthesis of Arenes
- Aryl Halides
- Azides
- Carbohydrates
- Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids
- Conversion of a Carboxylic Acid to an Amide
- Conversion of carboxylic acids to acid chlorides
- Conversion of carboxylic acids to alcohols using LiAlH4
- Conversion of Carboxylic acids to amides using DCC as an activating agent
- Fischer Esterification
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinskii Reaction
- Making Acyl Chlorides (Acid Chlorides)
- Making Esters From Carboxylic Acids
- Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
- Reduction of Carboxylic Acids with \(LiAlH_4\)
- Simple Reactions of Carboxylic Acids as Acids
- The Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids and Their Salts
- Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
- Chirality
- Absolute Configuration: R-S Sequence Rules
- Chirality and Stereoisomers
- Diastereomers
- Fischer Projections
- Fundamentals of Chirality
- Meso Compounds
- Mixtures of Stereoisomers
- Optical Activity
- Stereoisomers
- Alkene Stereoisomers
- Butane Conformers
- Chirality and Symmetry
- Compounds with Several Stereogenic Centers
- Configurational Nomenclature
- Conformational Stereoisomers
- Cycloalkane Stereoisomer
- Ethane Conformers
- Resolution
- Stereogenic Nitrogen
- Stereoisomerism in Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Stereoisomers: Ring Conformations
- Substituted Cyclohexanes
- Conjugation
- Esters
- Nomenclature of Esters
- Properties of Esters
- Reactivity of Esters
- Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Esters
- Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Esters (II)
- Esters can be converted aldehydes using diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAH).
- Esters can be reduced to 1° alcohols using \(LiAlH_4\)
- General mechanism of ester reactions
- Grignard Reagents Convert Esters into Tertiary Alcohols
- Polyesters
- Saponification
- The Hydrolysis of Esters
- Transesterification
- Synthesis of Esters
- Ethers
- Fundamentals
- Bonding in Organic Compounds
- Bonding in Benzene: the Kekulé Structure
- Bonding in Benzene - a Modern Orbital View
- Bonding in Carbonyl Compounds
- Bonding in Ethene
- Bonding in Ethyne (Acetylene)
- Bonding in Methane
- Calculating of π-bonds, σ-bonds, single and double bonds in Straight Chain and Cycloalkene Systems
- Identifing Aromatic and Anti-Aromatic Compounds
- Predicting the Hybridization of Heterocyclic Compounds
- Chemical Reactivity
- Electronegativity
- Molecular Classes
- Functional groups A
- Homolytic C-H Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules
- How to Draw Organic Molecules
- Hybrid Orbitals
- Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD)
- Intermolecular Forces
- Structure & Bonding
- Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Isomerism in Organic Compounds
- Lewis Structures
- Nomenclature
- Organic Acids and Bases
- Oxidation States of Organic Molecules
- Practice Problems
- Reactive Intermediates
- Resonance Forms
- Rotation in Substituted Ethanes
- Structure of Organic Molecules
- The Golden Rules of Organic Chemistry
- The Use of Curly Arrows
- What is the pKa of water?
- Bonding in Organic Compounds
- Hydrocarbons
- Lipids
- Nitriles
- Organo-phosphorus Compounds
- Phenols
- Phenylamine and Diazonium Compounds
- Polymers
- Addition Polymers
- Condensation Polymers
- Copolymers
- EXPLAINING THE "PEROXIDE EFFECT" IN THE REACTION BETWEEN HYDROGEN BROMIDE AND ALKENES
- Hydrogen Bromide and Aklenes: The Peroxide Effect
- Introduction to Polymers
- Molecular Weights of Polymers
- Polyethylene
- Polymer Fundamentals
- Properties of Polymers
- Recycling and Disposal of Polymers
- Regio and Stereoisomerization in Polymers
- Rubber Polymers
- Silicone Polymers
- Synthesis of Addition Polymers
- Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Polymers
- The Polymerization of Ethene
- Writing Formulas for Polymers
- Reactions
- Reaction Fundamentals
- Addition Reactions
- Addition to Carbonyls
- Carbonyls are Electrophiles
- CO10. Activation of Carbonyls
- CO11. Addition of Neutral, Protic Nucleophiles
- CO12. Proton Transfer Steps
- CO13. \(\pi\) Donation Steps
- CO15. The Anomeric Center
- CO16. Biological Reduction
- CO17. Oxidation
- CO19. Conjugate Addition
- CO2. General Reactivity Patterns
- CO20. Conjugate Addition-Elimination in Aromatics
- CO21. Carbonyl Addition Summary: Mechanistic Steps
- CO23. Solutions to Selected Problems, CO1-9
- CO24. Solutions to Selected Problems, CO10-18
- CO3. MO Picture of Carbonyls
- CO4. Relative Reactivity of Carbonyls
- CO5. Nucleophilic Addition
- CO6. Protonation of Oxygen
- CO7. What is a Good Nucleophile?
- CO8. Semi-Anionic Nucleophiles
- CO9. Enolate Addition and Homologation
- Pyranose and Furanose Forms
- Ylide Addition
- Electrophilic Addition Reactions
- Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Addition to Carbonyls
- Reactivity
- Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Ligand Substitution in Coordination Complexes
- Nucleophilic Substitution at Tetrahedral Carbon
- NS1. Introduction to ANS
- NS10. Leaving Group Formation
- NS11. NA to Strained Rings
- NS12. Elimination Reactions
- NS13. Regiochem. in Elimination
- NS14. Stereochem in Elimination
- NS15. Elim. Mechanism Factors
- NS16. Solutions for Problems
- NS2. Possible Mechanisms of NS
- Rate Laws in Nucleophilic Substitution
- NS4. Stereochemistry in NS
- NS5. Regiochemistry in NS
- NS6. Structural Effects in NS
- NS7. Solvent Effects in NS
- NS8. Nucleophilicity in NS
- NS9. Enolate Nucleophiles
- Oxidative Addition & Reductive Elimination
- Part V: Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry 3
- Roadmap Problems in Natural Product synthesis
- RR. Radical Reactions
- Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogens
- Elimination Reactions
- Substitution Reactions
- Carboxyl Substitution
- Comparative Energies: The Ski Hill
- CX11. Protein Modifications
- CX12. Solutions For Selected Problems
- CX2. General Reactivity Patterns
- CX5. Getting Towed Uphill
- CX6. Semi-Anionic Nucleophiles
- CX7. Enolates: Substitution and Decarboxylation
- CX8. Condensation Polymers
- CX9. Peptides and Proteins: Laboratory Synthesis
- Interconversion of Carboxyloids: Going Downhill
- Introduction to Carboxyloids (Acid Derivatives)
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- IV. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Kinetics of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- SN1
- SN2
- Carboxyl Substitution
- Rearrangement Reactions
- Free Radical Reactions
- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Named Reactions
- Appel Reaction
- Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
- Bartoli indole synthesis
- Baylis-Hillman reaction
- Beckmann Rearrangement
- Biginelli reaction
- Birch Reduction
- Buchwald-Hartwig amination
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Chugaev Reaction
- Claisen rearrangement
- Cope Elimination
- Corey-Kim oxidation
- Curtius Rearrangement
- Dakin-West reaction
- Dakin Oxidation
- Dieckmann condensation
- Diels-Alder reaction
- Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement
- Eschweiler-Clarke reaction
- Finkelstein reaction
- Fischer esterification
- Fischer indole synthesis
- Friedel-Crafts acylation
- Friedel-Crafts alkylation
- Fries rearrangement
- Gabriel synthesis
- Grignard reaction
- Heck reaction
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
- Henry reaction
- Hofmann Elimination
- Hofmann rearrangement
- Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction
- Ireland-Claisen rearrangement
- Johnson-Claisen rearrangement
- Jones oxidation
- Knoevenagel condensation
- Knorr pyrazole synthesis
- Kolbe-Schmitt reaction
- Kumada cross-coupling
- Luche reduction
- Mannich reaction
- Michael addition
- Mitsunobu Macrolactonization
- Mitsunobu reaction
- Mukaiyama aldol addition
- Named Reagents
- Negishi cross-coupling
- Oppenauer oxidation
- Overman Rearrangement
- Pauson-Khand reaction
- Perkin reaction
- Pictet-Spengler reaction
- Prins reaction
- Pummerer Rearrangement
- Reformatsky reaction
- Reimer-Tiemann reaction
- Ritter reaction
- Robinson annulation
- Schmidt reaction
- Schotten-Baumann reaction
- Sharpless epoxidation
- Sonogashira cross-coupling
- Staudinger reaction
- Stille cross-coupling
- Strecker amino acid synthesis
- Suzuki cross-coupling
- Swern oxidation
- Tamao-Fleming Oxidation
- TES protection
- Ullmann reaction
- Vilsmeier-Haack reaction
- Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement
- Williamson ether synthesis
- Wittig reaction
- Wolff-Kishner reduction
- Wolff rearrangement
- Yamaguchi Esterification
- Organic Reactions
- Aldol Condensation
- Cannizzaro Reaction
- Claisen Condensation
- Claisen Rearrangement
- Clemmensen Reduction
- Dieckmann Condensation
- Formation of Cyclic Ketones by Intramolecular Acylation
- Hydroamination Reactions of Alkenes
- Jacobsen Rearrangement
- Mannich Reaction
- Periodic Acid Oxidation
- Preparation of Aliphatic Fluorine Compounds
- Preparation of Unsymmetrical Biaryls by the Diazo Reaction and the Nitrosoacetylamine Reaction
- Reduction with Aluminum Alkoxides (The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction)
- Replacement of the Aromatic Primary Amino Group by Hydrogen
- Schmidt Reaction
- Wacker Oxidation
- Wittig Reaction
- Pericyclic Reactions
- Zimmerman-Traxler Model
- Keck Asymmetric Allylation
- Chan Rearrangement
- Introduction to Bioconjugation
- Thiols and Sulfides
- Spectroscopy
Organic Chemistry research involves the synthesis of organic molecules and the study of their reaction paths, interactions, and applications. Advanced interests include diverse topics such as the development of new synthetic methods for the assembly of complex organic molecules and polymeric materials, organometallic catalysis, organocatalysis, the synthesis of natural and non-natural products with unique biological and physical properties, structure and mechanistic analysis, natural product biosynthesis, theoretical chemistry and molecular modeling, diversity-oriented synthesis, and carbohydrate synthesis. Complete Organic Chemistry Textmaps can be found in the Textmap section.
Acid Halides
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alcohols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Alkyl Halides
Amides
Amines
Anhydrides
Arenes
Aryl Halides
Azides
Carbohydrates
Carboxylic Acids
Chirality
Conjugation
Esters
Ethers
Fundamentals
Hydrocarbons
Lipids
Nitriles
Organo-phosphorus Compounds
Phenols
Phenylamine and Diazonium Compounds
Polymers
Reactions
Thiols and Sulfides
Spectroscopy