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7: Reactions in Nonconventional Conditions
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7.1: Reactions in Water
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Many of the organic solvents are volatile, flammable, sometimes explosive and have damaging effect to human health or on the environment. Thus, effort has been made to use nonconventional solvents which are not only attractive from economical aspects, they can provide advantages of recovery and recyclability of the catalysts. The section covers the use of water, fluorous solvents, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids as nonconventional solvents.
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7.2: Reactions in Fluorous Solvents
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Fluorous solvents having suitable boiling and melting points can be used as solvent. Importantly, the fluorous solvents are different from the corresponding hydrocarbons and form two layers with conventional organic solvents. Thus, some catalysts can be immobilized in fluorous solvents in biphase system and can be recovered and recycled.
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7.3: Reactions in Supercritical Fluids (SCFs)
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Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) offers the advantages that simple depressurization leads to removal of the residual scCO2, and thus, no hazardous solvent is produced, providing effective route for the separation of the products. Thus the synthesis of organic compounds can be accomplished under solvent-free conditions that find wide applications in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.
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7.4: Reactions in Ionic Liquids (IL)
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Ionic liquids are composed of ions having melting points below 100°C. They are nonvolatile and facilitate the recovery and recyclability of the catalysts.
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7.5: Microwave-Assisted Reactions
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Ionic liquids are composed of ions having melting points below 100°C. They are nonvolatile and facilitate the recovery and recyclability of the catalysts.
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7.6: Problems and Reference
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