24: Nuclear Chemistry
- Page ID
- 53979
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 24.1: Discovery of Radioactivity
- This page highlights the importance of the radioactive danger symbol in nuclear medicine, representing the use of radioactive materials in diagnosis and treatment. It outlines the historical evolution of radioactivity studies, beginning with John Dalton's atomic theory, progressing through milestones by figures like Francis Aston, Henri Becquerel, and the Curies, who introduced the term "radioactivity.
- 24.2: Nuclear Decay Processes
- This page discusses food irradiation, a method using ionizing radiation to kill harmful bacteria while preserving nutritional value. It effectively targets parasites and pests but does not affect viruses.
- 24.3: Detection of Radioactivity
- This page discusses the rising prices of uranium, which have led to increased exploration efforts using geological studies. It covers the measurement of radioactivity through decay rates in units such as curies and becquerels. Personal dosimeters, like film badges and sensitive crystal systems, are used to track radiation exposure.
- 24.4: Half-Life
- This page discusses uranium isotopes decaying into plutonium-239, utilized in nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium has a half-life of 24,100 years, leading to long-term contamination risks. The concept of half-life, which varies among isotopes, is essential for predicting radioactivity and managing radioactive materials and their environmental effects until they decay into stable products, such as lead from uranium.
- 24.5: Background Radiation
- This page discusses the historical use of hot baths for muscle relief and the perceived benefits of radioactive hot springs. It explains background radiation, particularly from radon gas, its link to increased lung cancer risk for smokers, and emphasizes the importance of testing homes for radon levels. Additionally, it suggests affordable methods to mitigate radon exposure in residential areas.
- 24.6: Nuclear Fission Processes
- This page discusses nuclear fission, a process discovered in the 1930s that occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus, causing it to split and release energy. It begins with a slow neutron interacting with uranium-235, leading to a chain reaction that can release more neutrons and energy. The page highlights the conservation of mass and proton count in fission equations, emphasizing that not all neutron collisions result in fission, but the potential for continued reactions exists.
- 24.7: Nuclear Power Generation
- This page discusses the March 28, 1979, partial meltdown at a nuclear power plant near Middleton, PA, which released radioactive gases but resulted in minimal health effects. Investigations led to improved safety protocols. As of 2014, one reactor was permanently shut down. Nuclear power accounts for 19% of U.S. electricity generation, with significant contributions from coal and natural gas.
- 24.8: Nuclear Fusion
- This page discusses nuclear fusion in the sun, where lighter atoms fuse to form larger ones, releasing energy without hazardous waste. It highlights fusion's potential as a clean energy source on Earth, though it requires high temperatures and sustained reactions, making it a challenging field with an uncertain future despite ongoing research advancements.
- 24.9: Penetrating Ability of Emissions
- This page explains the use of designated containers, called "pigs," for storing radioisotopes in medical treatments, emphasizing lead’s role in blocking radiation. It details the varying penetration levels of alpha, beta, and gamma particles, with alpha being the least penetrative. It highlights that high-density materials like lead provide better protection against gamma radiation than low-density materials and that shielding effectiveness relies on thickness.
- 24.10: Effects of Radiation
- This page discusses the risks of bacterial contamination in food, particularly raw meat, where pathogens like Campylobacter and salmonella remain after insufficient cooking. It describes how ionizing radiation from sources such as cobalt-60 and cesium-137 disrupts bacterial reproduction by damaging DNA, which can affect cell reproduction and protein synthesis, potentially leading to cancer.
- 24.11: Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
- This page discusses the role of thyroxine from the thyroid gland in regulating energy use and how its deficiency, known as hypothyroidism, causes fatigue and weight gain, treated with hormone supplements. It also highlights the importance of radioisotopes, like iodine-131 and technetium-99m, in medical diagnostics and treatments, particularly for diseases like thyroid cancer and cardiovascular issues, by tracking uptake and flow in the body across various applications.
- 24.12: PET Scans
- This page discusses the significance of PET scans in medical imaging, highlighting their use in studying brain function and emotions through radioisotopes. It details their application in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease with the Pittsburgh compound B and their role in understanding drug addiction by examining dopamine receptor binding. Overall, PET technology is emphasized as a tool for gaining insights into brain-related conditions and emotional responses.