4: Experimental Techniques Last updated Feb 3, 2021 Save as PDF 3.8: Chiral Molecules 4.1: Introduction Page ID29089 ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) Topic hierarchy4.1: Introduction4.2: Separation and Purification Techniques4.2A: Gas Chromatography (GC)4.2B: Liquid Chromatography (LC)4.2C: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)4.2D: Recrystallization4.3: Elemental Analysis4.3A: CHN Analysis by Combustion4.3B: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)4.4: Computational Analysis - Thermogravimetry (TG)4.5: Mass Spectrometry4.5A: Electron Ionization (EI)4.5B: Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)4.5C: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)4.5D: Electrospray Ionization (ESI)4.6: Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies4.6A: Energies and Wavenumbers of Molecular Vibrations4.6B: The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer and Sample Preparation4.6C: Diagnostic Absorptions4.6D: Deuterium/Hydrogen Exchange4.6E: Raman Spectroscopy4.7: Electronic Spectroscopy4.7A: UV-VIS Absorption Spectroscopy4.7B: Types of Absorption4.7C: Absorbance and the Beer-Lambert Law4.7D: Emission Spectroscopy4.8: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy4.8A: NMR Active Nuclei and Isotope Abundance4.8B: Which Nuclei are Suitable for NMR Spectroscopic Studies4.8C: Resonance Frequencies and Chemical Shifts4.8D: Chemical Shift Ranges4.8E: Solvents for Solution Studies4.8F: Integration of Signals and Signal Broadening4.8G: Homonuclear spin-spin coupling - ^1H-^1H4.8H: Heteronuclear spin-spin coupling - ^{13}C-^1H4.8I: Case Studies4.8J: Stereochemically Non-Rigid Species4.8K: Exchange Processes in Solution4.9: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy4.9A: What is EPR Spectroscopy?4.9B: The Zeeman Electronic Effect4.9C: EPR Spectra4.10: Mossbauer Spectroscopy4.10A: The Technique of Mossbauer Spectroscopy4.10B: What Can Isomer Shift Data Tell Us?4.11: Structure Determination - Diffraction Methods4.11A: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)4.11B: Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction4.11C: Powder X-Ray Diffraction4.11D: Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction4.11E: Electron Diffraction4.11F: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)4.11G: Structural Databases4.12: Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES, UPS, XPS, ESCA)4.13: Computational Methods4.13A: Hartree-Fock Theory4.13B: Density Functional Theory4.13C: Hückel MO Theory4.13D: Molecular Mechanisms (MM)4.14: Magnetism4.14.1: example magnetic moment data and their interpretation4.14.2: Magnetic Moments4.14.3: Magnetic Moments 14.14.4: Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements4.14.5: Magnetism