Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
- Page ID
- 414768
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| Half-Reaction | E° (V) |
|---|---|
| \(\ce{Ag+ + e- ⟶Ag}\) | +0.7996 |
| \(\ce{AgCl + e- ⟶Ag + Cl-}\) | +0.22233 |
| \(\ce{[Ag(CN)2]- + e- ⟶Ag + 2CN-}\) | −0.31 |
| \(\ce{Ag2CrO4 + 2e- ⟶2Ag + CrO4^2-}\) | +0.45 |
| \(\ce{[Ag(NH3)2]+ + e- ⟶Ag + 2NH3}\) | +0.373 |
| \(\ce{[Ag(S2O3)2]^3+ + e- ⟶Ag + 2S2O3^2-}\) | +0.017 |
| \(\ce{[AlF6]^3- + 3e- ⟶Al + 6F-}\) | −2.07 |
| \(\ce{Al^3+ + 3e- ⟶Al}\) | −1.662 |
| \(\ce{Am^3+ + 3e- ⟶Am}\) | −2.048 |
| \(\ce{Au^3+ + 3e- ⟶Au}\) | +1.498 |
| \(\ce{Au+ + e- ⟶Au}\) | +1.692 |
| \(\ce{Ba^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ba}\) | −2.912 |
| \(\ce{Be^2+ + 2e- ⟶Be}\) | −1.847 |
| \(\ce{Br2}(aq) + \ce{2e-} ⟶\ce{2Br-}\) | +1.0873 |
| \(\ce{Ca^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ca}\) | −2.868 |
| \(\ce{Ce^3 + 3e- ⟶Ce}\) | −2.483 |
| \(\ce{Ce^4+ + e- ⟶Ce^3+}\) | +1.61 |
| \(\ce{Cd^2+ + 2e- ⟶Cd}\) | −0.4030 |
| \(\ce{[Cd(CN)4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Cd + 4CN-}\) | −1.09 |
| \(\ce{[Cd(NH3)4]^2+ + 2e- ⟶Cd + 4NH3}\) | −0.61 |
| \(\ce{CdS + 2e- ⟶Cd + S^2-}\) | −1.17 |
| \(\ce{Cl2 + 2e- ⟶2Cl-}\) | +1.35827 |
| \(\ce{ClO4- + H2O + 2e- ⟶ClO3- + 2OH-}\) | +0.36 |
| \(\ce{ClO3- + H2O + 2e- ⟶ClO2- + 2OH-}\) | +0.33 |
| \(\ce{ClO2- + H2O + 2e- ⟶ClO- + 2OH-}\) | +0.66 |
| \(\ce{ClO- + H2O + 2e- ⟶Cl- + 2OH-}\) | +0.89 |
| \(\ce{ClO4- + 2H3O+ + 2e- ⟶ClO3- + 3H2O}\) | +1.189 |
| \(\ce{ClO3- + 3H3O+ + 2e- ⟶HClO2 + 4H2O}\) | +1.21 |
| \(\ce{HClO + H3O+ + 2e- ⟶Cl- + 2H2O}\) | +1.482 |
| \(\ce{HClO + H3O+ + e- ⟶\dfrac{1}{2}Cl2 + 2H2O}\) | +1.611 |
| \(\ce{HClO2 + 2H3O+ + 2e- ⟶HClO + 3H2O}\) | +1.628 |
| \(\ce{Co^3+ + e- ⟶Co^2+ \:(2\:mol\,//\,H2SO4)}\) | +1.83 |
| \(\ce{Co^2+ + 2e- ⟶Co}\) | −0.28 |
| \(\ce{[Co(NH3)6]^3+ + e- ⟶[Co(NH3)6]^2+}\) | +0.1 |
| \(\ce{Co(OH)3 + e- ⟶Co(OH)2 + OH-}\) | +0.17 |
| \(\ce{Cr^3 + 3e- ⟶Cr}\) | −0.744 |
| \(\ce{Cr^3+ + e- ⟶Cr^2+}\) | −0.407 |
| \(\ce{Cr^2+ + 2e- ⟶Cr}\) | −0.913 |
| \(\ce{[Cu(CN)2]- + e- ⟶Cu + 2CN-}\) | −0.43 |
| \(\ce{CrO4^2- + 4H2O + 3e- ⟶ Cr(OH)3 + 5OH-}\) | −0.13 |
| \(\ce{Cr2O7^2- + 14H3O+ + 6e- ⟶2Cr^3+ + 21H2O}\) | +1.232 |
| \(\ce{[Cr(OH)4]- + 3e- ⟶Cr + 4OH-}\) | −1.2 |
| \(\ce{Cr(OH)3 + 3e- ⟶Cr + 3OH-}\) | −1.48 |
| \(\ce{Cu^2+ + e- ⟶Cu+}\) | +0.153 |
| \(\ce{Cu^2+ + 2e- ⟶Cu}\) | +0.34 |
| \(\ce{Cu+ + e- ⟶Cu}\) | +0.521 |
| \(\ce{F2 + 2e- ⟶2F-}\) | +2.866 |
| \(\ce{Fe^2+ + 2e- ⟶Fe}\) | −0.447 |
| \(\ce{Fe^3+ + e- ⟶Fe^2+}\) | +0.771 |
| \(\ce{[Fe(CN)6]^3- + e- ⟶[Fe(CN)6]^4-}\) | +0.36 |
| \(\ce{Fe(OH)2 + 2e- ⟶Fe + 2OH-}\) | −0.88 |
| \(\ce{FeS + 2e- ⟶Fe + S^2-}\) | −1.01 |
| \(\ce{Ga^3+ + 3e- ⟶Ga}\) | −0.549 |
| \(\ce{Gd^3+ + 3e- ⟶Gd}\) | −2.279 |
| \(\ce{\dfrac{1}{2}H2 + e- ⟶H- }\) | −2.23 |
| \(\ce{2H2O + 2e- ⟶H2 + 2OH-}\) | −0.8277 |
| \(\ce{H2O2 + 2H3O+ + 2e- ⟶4H2O}\) | +1.776 |
| \(\ce{2H3O+ + 2e- ⟶H2 + 2H2O}\) | 0.00 |
| \(\ce{HO2- + H2O + 2e- ⟶3OH-}\) | +0.878 |
| \(\ce{Hf^4+ + 4e- ⟶Hf}\) | −1.55 |
| \(\ce{Hg^2+ + 2e- ⟶Hg}\) | +0.851 |
| \(\ce{2Hg^2+ + 2e- ⟶Hg2^2+}\) | +0.92 |
| \(\ce{Hg2^2+ + 2e- ⟶2Hg}\) | +0.7973 |
| \(\ce{[HgBr4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Hg + 4Br-}\) | +0.21 |
| \(\ce{Hg2Cl2 + 2e- ⟶2Hg + 2Cl-}\) | +0.26808 |
| \(\ce{[Hg(CN)4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Hg + 4CN-}\) | −0.37 |
| \(\ce{[HgI4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Hg + 4I-}\) | −0.04 |
| \(\ce{HgS + 2e- ⟶Hg + S^2-}\) | −0.70 |
| \(\ce{I2 + 2e- ⟶2I-}\) | +0.5355 |
| \(\ce{In^3+ + 3e- ⟶In}\) | −0.3382 |
| \(\ce{K+ + e- ⟶K}\) | −2.931 |
| \(\ce{La^3+ + 3e- ⟶La}\) | −2.52 |
| \(\ce{Li+ + e- ⟶Li}\) | −3.04 |
| \(\ce{Lu^3+ + 3e- ⟶Lu}\) | −2.28 |
| \(\ce{Mg^2+ + 2e- ⟶Mg}\) | −2.372 |
| \(\ce{Mn^2+ + 2e- ⟶Mn}\) | −1.185 |
| \(\ce{MnO2 + 2H2O + 2e- ⟶Mn(OH)2 + 2OH-}\) | −0.05 |
| \(\ce{MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- ⟶MnO2 + 4OH-}\) | +0.558 |
| \(\ce{MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- ⟶Mn^2+ + 2H2O}\) | +1.23 |
| \(\ce{MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- ⟶Mn^2+ + 4H2O}\) | +1.507 |
| \(\ce{Na+ + e- ⟶Na}\) | −2.71 |
| \(\ce{Nd^3+ + 3e- ⟶Nd}\) | −2.323 |
| \(\ce{Ni^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ni}\) | −0.257 |
| \(\ce{[Ni(NH3)6]^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ni + 6NH3}\) | −0.49 |
| \(\ce{NiO2 + 4H+ + 2e- ⟶Ni^2+ + 2H2O}\) | +1.593 |
| \(\ce{NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e- ⟶Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-}\) | +0.49 |
| \(\ce{NiS + 2e- ⟶Ni + S^2-}\) | +0.76 |
| \(\ce{NO3- + 4H+ + 3e- ⟶NO + 2H2O}\) | +0.957 |
| \(\ce{NO3- + 3H+ + 2e- ⟶HNO2 + H2O}\) | +0.92 |
| \(\ce{NO3- + H2O + 2e- ⟶NO2- + 2OH-}\) | +0.10 |
| \(\ce{Np^3+ + 3e- ⟶Np}\) | −1.856 |
| \(\ce{O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ⟶4OH-}\) | +0.401 |
| \(\ce{O2 + 2H+ + 2e- ⟶H2O2}\) | +0.695 |
| \(\ce{O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ⟶2H2O}\) | +1.229 |
| \(\ce{Pb^2+ + 2e- ⟶Pb}\) | −0.1262 |
| \(\ce{PbO2 + SO4^2- + 4H+ + 2e- ⟶PbSO4 + 2H2O}\) | +1.69 |
| \(\ce{PbS + 2e- ⟶Pb + S^2-}\) | −0.95 |
| \(\ce{PbSO4 + 2e- ⟶Pb + SO4^2-}\) | −0.3505 |
| \(\ce{Pd^2+ + 2e- ⟶Pd}\) | +0.987 |
| \(\ce{[PdCl4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Pd + 4Cl-}\) | +0.591 |
| \(\ce{Pt^2+ + 2e- ⟶Pt}\) | +1.20 |
| \(\ce{[PtBr4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Pt + 4Br-}\) | +0.58 |
| \(\ce{[PtCl4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Pt + 4Cl-}\) | +0.755 |
| \(\ce{[PtCl6]^2- + 2e- ⟶[PtCl4]^2- + 2Cl-}\) | +0.68 |
| \(\ce{Pu^3 + 3e- ⟶Pu}\) | −2.03 |
| \(\ce{Ra^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ra}\) | −2.92 |
| \(\ce{Rb+ + e- ⟶Rb}\) | −2.98 |
| \(\ce{[RhCl6]^3- + 3e- ⟶Rh + 6Cl-}\) | +0.44 |
| \(\ce{S + 2e- ⟶S^2-}\) | −0.47627 |
| \(\ce{S + 2H+ + 2e- ⟶H2S}\) | +0.142 |
| \(\ce{Sc^3+ + 3e- ⟶Sc}\) | −2.09 |
| \(\ce{Se + 2H+ + 2e- ⟶H2Se}\) | −0.399 |
| \(\ce{[SiF6]^2- + 4e- ⟶Si + 6F-}\) | −1.2 |
| \(\ce{SiO3^2- + 3H2O + 4e- ⟶Si + 6OH-}\) | −1.697 |
| \(\ce{SiO2 + 4H+ + 4e- ⟶Si + 2H2O}\) | −0.86 |
| \(\ce{Sm^3+ + 3e- ⟶Sm}\) | −2.304 |
| \(\ce{Sn^4+ + 2e- ⟶Sn^2+}\) | +0.151 |
| \(\ce{Sn^2+ + 2e- ⟶Sn}\) | −0.1375 |
| \(\ce{[SnF6]^2- + 4e- ⟶Sn + 6F-}\) | −0.25 |
| \(\ce{SnS + 2e- ⟶Sn + S^2-}\) | −0.94 |
| \(\ce{Sr^2+ + 2e- ⟶Sr}\) | −2.89 |
| \(\ce{TeO2 + 4H+ + 4e- ⟶Te + 2H2O}\) | +0.593 |
| \(\ce{Th^4+ + 4e- ⟶Th}\) | −1.90 |
| \(\ce{Ti^2+ + 2e- ⟶Ti}\) | −1.630 |
| \(\ce{U^3+ + 3e- ⟶U}\) | −1.79 |
| \(\ce{V^2+ + 2e- ⟶V}\) | −1.19 |
| \(\ce{Y^3+ + 3e- ⟶Y}\) | −2.37 |
| \(\ce{Zn^2+ + 2e- ⟶Zn}\) | −0.7618 |
| \(\ce{[Zn(CN)4]^2- + 2e- ⟶Zn + 4CN-}\) | −1.26 |
| \(\ce{[Zn(NH3)4]^2+ + 2e- ⟶Zn + 4NH3}\) | −1.04 |
| \(\ce{Zn(OH)2 + 2e- ⟶Zn + 2OH-}\) | −1.245 |
| \(\ce{[Zn(OH)4]^2 + 2e- ⟶Zn + 4OH-}\) | −1.199 |
| \(\ce{ZnS + 2e- ⟶Zn + S^2-}\) | −1.40 |
| \(\ce{Zr^4 + 4e- ⟶Zr}\) | −1.539 |