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6: Group IV and Group V cations
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6.1: Separating group IV cations
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After removal of insoluble chlorides, sulfides, and hydroxides, group IV cations comprising of heavy alkaline earth metals, i.e., calcium, strontium, and barium are separated as insoluble carbonated from soluble alkali metals and ammonium ions. The separation is based on a general rule of solubility that states “Carbonates, phosphates, and oxide are insoluble except alkali metals and ammonia.”
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6.2: Separation and confirmation of individual ions in group IV precipitates and group V mixture
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Insoluble carbonates of group IV dissolve in acetic acid and barium chromate is selectively precipitated from the solution. Then calcium is precipitated as insoluble oxalate. Barium imparts yellow gree color to the flame and calcium imparts brick-red color to the flame. Group V comprises alkali metals that form soluble ionic compounds: lithium imparts carmine red, sodium imparts intense yellow, and potassium imparts purple or lilac color to the flame.
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6.3: Procedure, flowchart, and datasheets for separation and confirmation of group IV and group V cations
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The procedure, flowchart, datasheets, and filling instructions for the known sample that contains all of the group IV and group V cations and for the unknown sample that may contain some of the group IV and group V cations.