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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.03%3A_ThermochemistryIn this chapter we apply the first law of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy introduced in Chapter I.2 to chemical reactions. At standard state conditions we can use tabulated heats of formati...In this chapter we apply the first law of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy introduced in Chapter I.2 to chemical reactions. At standard state conditions we can use tabulated heats of formation to calculate the change in enthalpy for any reaction. At temperatures other than standard conditions we use the temperature dependence of the enthalpy to derive an expression for the change in enthalpy of a reaction at any temperature in relation to a reference temperature.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.03%3A_EntropyThe page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state func...The page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state function due to its net change around a closed cycle being non-zero. However, when considering the sum of q/T, it results in zero, which aligns with the behavior of a state function.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is us...Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is used in many drug treatments due to its positive effects on the human brain. Because of its reactive properties, humans have utilized lithium in batteries, nuclear fusion reactions, and thermonuclear weapons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_ThermodynamicsSystems can undergo a change of state from some initial state to a final state accompanied by a change in the system???s energy. In this chapter, we analyze two types of energy: heat and work. This le...Systems can undergo a change of state from some initial state to a final state accompanied by a change in the system???s energy. In this chapter, we analyze two types of energy: heat and work. This leads to a presentation of the first law of thermodynamics that deals with the conservation of energy, stating that any changes in the total internal energy of the system must be due to exchanges of either heat or work with the surroundings.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Wisconsin_Oshkosh/Chem_370%3A_Physical_Chemistry_1_-_Thermodynamics_(Gutow)/01%3A_Thermodynamics/1.05%3A_The_Second_Law_of_ThermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics describes the conservation of energy but does not tell us anything about the direction or spontaneity of a reaction. In this chapter we introduce the concept of entropy...The first law of thermodynamics describes the conservation of energy but does not tell us anything about the direction or spontaneity of a reaction. In this chapter we introduce the concept of entropy as derived by Rudolf Clausius and formulate the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is of central importance in science and tells us the direction of spontaneous change for any process. We then calculate the change of entropy for a number of example cases.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/13%3A_Chapter_13_-_s-Block_Elements/13.3%3A_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z%3D3)Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is us...Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is used in many drug treatments due to its positive effects on the human brain. Because of its reactive properties, humans have utilized lithium in batteries, nuclear fusion reactions, and thermonuclear weapons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.01%3A_Energy_Heat_and_WorkAll chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. In this unit we will review some of the fundamental concepts of energy and heat and the relation between them. We will begin ...All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. In this unit we will review some of the fundamental concepts of energy and heat and the relation between them. We will begin the study of thermodynamics, which treats the energetic aspects of change in general, and we will finally apply this specifically to chemical change. Our purpose will be to provide you with the tools to predict the energy changes associated with chemical processes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is us...Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is used in many drug treatments due to its positive effects on the human brain. Because of its reactive properties, humans have utilized lithium in batteries, nuclear fusion reactions, and thermonuclear weapons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_ThermodynamicsThis page discusses the behavior of isolated systems, which do not exchange heat, mass, or radiation, akin to a small universe. It explains the zero law process where heat flows from hot to cold metal...This page discusses the behavior of isolated systems, which do not exchange heat, mass, or radiation, akin to a small universe. It explains the zero law process where heat flows from hot to cold metal blocks until thermal equilibrium is achieved, illustrating that entropy must increase (dS > 0) for spontaneity. In non-isolated systems, entropy changes involve heat exchange, complicating the reliability of entropy as a criterion for spontaneity, given the possibility of irreversible processes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.07%3A_CalorimetryThis page explains calorimetry, which measures heat transfer in chemical reactions and physical processes using a calorimeter. Originally, food calories were measured with a bomb calorimeter, but are ...This page explains calorimetry, which measures heat transfer in chemical reactions and physical processes using a calorimeter. Originally, food calories were measured with a bomb calorimeter, but are now determined based on protein, carbohydrate, and fat content. Temperature changes in the surrounding liquid reveal if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic, allowing for the calculation of heat transfer using the liquid's mass, specific heat, and temperature change.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.03%3A_Unlike_heat_Entropy_is_a_State_FunctionThis page discusses entropy as a state function that integrates to zero over circular paths returning to initial conditions. It examines a path composed of isotherm, isochore, and adiabat segments, em...This page discusses entropy as a state function that integrates to zero over circular paths returning to initial conditions. It examines a path composed of isotherm, isochore, and adiabat segments, emphasizing that although heat and work are path-dependent, entropy remains consistent. The analysis demonstrates that despite varying heat transfer values, the change in entropy remains the same, reinforcing its nature as a state function, in contrast to heat.
