Fundamentals of Chemistry (Lab Manual)
- Page ID
- 499699
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1: LAB 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- This lab describes a chemistry lab experiment focused on the scientific method, involving various tests on heat, reactivity, solubility, and temperature effects on substances. It emphasizes safety measures, practical skills in handling equipment, and the importance of data recording. The experiments include heating copper sulfate, metal reactions with water and acids, solubility tests of carbonates, and the effects of temperature on sugar dissolution.
- 2: LAB 2 - INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
- This lab outlines the procedures of a chemistry laboratory, focusing on measuring length, mass, volume, and temperature using key instruments such as metric rulers and analytical balances. It stresses precision, accuracy, and the use of calibrated equipment. Safety precautions are outlined, along with a practical measurements guide, including pre-lab questions on metric units.
- 3: LAB 3 - EXPLORING DENSITY
- This lab details two experiments aimed at determining the densities of water, various liquids, and solid objects, including irregular objects such as a rubber stopper. Key concepts include density as an intensive property, measurement techniques using graduated cylinders and balances, and the importance of safety.
- 4: LAB 4 - SEPARATION OF SALT AND SAND
- This lab describes an experiment to separate a sand and salt mixture using physical methods such as filtration and evaporation, to calculate the percentages of each component. It includes definitions of matter, safety precautions, and a detailed procedure for the separation process. Pre-lab and post-lab questions encourage critical thinking on separation techniques, substance classification, percent recovery, and the introduction of chromatography for separating mixtures.
- 5: LAB 5 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- This lab presents a chemistry experiment designed to observe the properties of metals and nonmetals, including the classification of elements and the arrangement of the periodic table. It details experimental procedures, such as boiling point measurement and solubility tests, emphasizing safety and the required materials. Pre-lab questions assess knowledge of the periodic table, while post-lab questions facilitate further classification and analysis of physical and chemical changes.
- 6: LAB 6 - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
- This lab describes a laboratory experiment focused on chemical reactions, including decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement. It emphasizes the importance of balancing equations and the conservation of mass, along with safety precautions and the necessary equipment. The procedure provides a detailed guide for conducting experiments and recording observations, with specific reactions investigated.
- 7: LAB 7 - FLAME TESTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
- This lab details an experiment involving flame tests to observe colors from various elements and analyze double displacement reactions to identify components in an unknown solution. It connects the Bohr model of atomic structure to electron transitions and the emission of light. The lab emphasizes lab safety, outlines the necessary equipment and reagents, and includes procedures for flame tests and anion identification, as well as determining unknowns based on observed reactions and colors.
- 8: LAB 8 - EMPIRICAL FORMULAS AND HYDRATES
- This lab describes an experiment to determine the empirical formula of a hydrate by heating it to remove water and measuring the masses of the original hydrate and the resulting anhydrous compound. The procedure involves calculating the molar ratio of the anhydrous compound to water while ensuring safety by wearing goggles and handling hot glassware. Data from multiple trials, along with pre-and post-lab questions, will be recorded.
- 9: LAB 9 - DECOMPOSITION OF BAKING SODA
- This lab describes an experiment designed to demonstrate the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate, analyzing the stoichiometry and percentage yield of sodium carbonate. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to the law of conservation of mass, performing accurate mass calculations, and taking safety precautions.
- 11: LAB 11 - BOYLE’S LAW [Pressure-Volume Relationship in Gases]
- This lab describes an experiment designed to test Boyle's Law, illustrating the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume at a constant temperature. It includes procedures for measuring pressure using a gas sensor and syringe, as well as safety precautions and data collection methods.
- 12: LAB 12 - AN INVESTIGATION OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- This page outlines an experiment investigating intermolecular forces in liquids and their impact on properties like solubility and evaporation rates. It covers key forces such as London dispersion, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding while also emphasizing safety precautions. The procedure involves analyzing liquid structures, polarities, and boiling points, as well as testing solubility in water.
- Back Matter
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