2D NMR Basics

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Durations

The 2D NMR experiment belongs as well to the Fourier transform spectroscopy than to the impulsion one and relies on a sequence of three time intervals: preparation, evolution and detection (3). In some experiment another time interval is added before the detection: the mixing time ( Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Scheme for time pulse in a 2 D NMR experiment (3)

The preparation time

Upon the preparation time the spin system under study is firstly prepared, for example it is submitted either to a decoupling experiment or just to a transverse magnetization by the means of a 90° impulsion. It allows the excited nuclei to get back their equilibrium state between two successively executed pulse sequence (5)

The evolution time t₁

During the evolution time \(t_1\), the spin system is evolving under the effect of different factors, each coherence evolves at its own characteristic frequency as a function of the chemical shift and of the scalar coupling of the corresponding nucleus.

The Mixing time

It is made of a pulse sequence which achieves coherence transfers in such a way that different frequencies can be correlated.

The detection time

The acquisition of the modulated signal takes place during the detection period. The sequence we just described does not constitute by itself a 2D NMR experiment.

JEENER

The idea of Jeener consists in the stepwise increasing of the evolution time t_l. This will allow to get an NMR signal under the aspect of a sampling of free precession signals of the s(t₂) type. These FID will differ from each other only by the t_l period duration written under a matricial form s(t_l ,t₂) (5). The t_l delay is the time between the first and the second pulse ( Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)).

fig9 copie.jpg — Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Sampling of signals of free precession of the type s(t2)

The first Fourier transform as a function of t_l gives us an interferogram of the form ( Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)).

fig10[1].jpg — Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Interferogram of the form \(\left(t_{2}, \omega_{1}\right)\)

A second Fourier transform, versus the second variable t₂, gives an NMR spectrum with two frequencies dimensions F₁ and F₂ (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The result of this two fold Fourier transform does not get two spectra and but only one spectrum as a function of two independent frequencies, exhibiting a peak with the coordinates . Thus, an alimentation evolving with the frequency in the time course t₁ has been converted in another coherence evolving with the frequency during the period t₂.