12.6: The Onsager Fluctuation Regression Theorem
- Page ID
- 5303
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Suppose that \(F_e (t) \) is of the form
\[ F_e(t) = F_0e^{\epsilon t}\theta(-t) \nonumber \]
which adiabatically induces a fluctuation in the system for \(t < 0\) and the lets the system evolve in time according to the unperturbed Hamiltonian for \( t > 0 \). How will the induced fluctuation evolve in time? Combining the Kubo transform relation with the linear response result for \(\langle B(t)\rangle \), we find that
\[ \begin{align*} \langle B(t)\rangle &= \int_{-\infty}^0ds\, e^{\epsilon s}\int_0^{\beta} d\lambda\langle \dot{B}(-i\hbar\lambda)B(t-s)\rangle _0 \\[4pt] &= -e^{\epsilon t}\int_0^{\beta}d\lambda \int_t^{\infty}du \,e^{-\epsilon u}{d \over du}\langle B(-i\hbar\lambda)B(u)\rangle _0 \end{align*} \]
where the change of variables \( {u=t-s }\) has been made. Taking the limit \(\epsilon\rightarrow 0 \), and performing the integral over \(u \), we find
\[ \langle B(t)\rangle = -\int_0^{\beta}d\lambda\,\left[\langle B (- i\hbar \lambda) B (\infty )\rangle _0 -\langle B(-i\hbar\lambda)B(t)\rangle _0\right] \nonumber \]
Since we assumed that \( \langle B\rangle _0 = 0 \), we have \( \langle B(-i\hbar\lambda)B(\infty)\rangle _0 =\langle B(-i\hbar\lambda)\rangle _0\langle B(\infty)\rangle _0 = 0 \). Thus, dividing by \(\langle B(0)\rangle \), we find
\[ {\langle B(t)\rangle \over \langle B(0)\rangle } = {\int_0^{\beta} d \lambda B (-i\hbar \lambda) B (t) \rangle _0 \over \int_0^{\beta} d \lambda B (-i\hbar \lambda) B (0) \rangle _0} \rightarrow _{\hbar \rightarrow 0 } {\langle B(0)B(t)\rangle _0 \over \langle B(0)^2 \rangle _0} \nonumber \]
Thus at long times in the classical limit, the fluctuations decay to 0, indicting a complete regression or suppression of the induced fluctuation:
\[ {\langle B(t)\rangle \over \langle B(0) \rangle }\rightarrow 0 \nonumber \]