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7: Chemical Nomenclature

Last updated

Mar 21, 2025
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- 6.22: Periodic Trends - Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
- 7.1: Molecular Formula

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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry and other fields of science.

7.1: Molecular Formula
This page explains music notes as a universal language for musicians, similar to how molecular formulas represent molecules in chemistry. While a molecular formula indicates the types and quantities of atoms, it doesn't show their arrangement. Subscripts indicate atom quantities, with no subscript for single atoms. The significance of accurate molecular notation is underscored by incorrect representations, such as portraying sucrose as C6H11O5.
7.2: Empirical Formula
This page explains empirical formulas in chemistry, focusing on their role in identifying elemental composition. It references Antoine Lavoisier's experiments that contributed to material isolation and structure assessment. The page defines empirical formulas as the lowest whole-number ratios of elements in compounds, using glucose (CH2O) as an example.
7.3: Cations
This page describes cations, which are positively charged ions formed when elements lose electrons, particularly from groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table. They are named after their parent elements with a superscript to denote charge. Cations play essential roles in daily life, including muscle contraction, blood pressure regulation, and bone structure. Common cations include sodium (Na⁺) and magnesium.
7.4: Anions
This page highlights the importance of salt in seaweed, focusing on iodine's crucial role in preventing thyroid-related developmental issues. It explains anions as negatively charged ions derived from nonmetals gaining electrons, detailing their electron configurations and naming conventions with the "-ide" suffix. Additionally, it addresses the applications of common anions like fluoride for dental health, chloride for blood ion balance, and iodide for thyroxine synthesis in the thyroid.
7.5: Transition Metal Ions
This page explores transition metals, noting their unfilled inner $d$ shells and ability to form multiple cations. It uses platinum's value, exemplified by the platinum eagle coin, to contrast it with common coins. The summaries include common transition metal ions, their charges, and various applications in electronics and catalysis. Key aspects discussed are the unique electron configurations, ion formation, and practical uses of transition metals.
7.6: The Stock System of Nomenclature
This page discusses mp3 players' design and specifications, along with the naming of compounds with transition metals using the Stock system to indicate ionic charges. It provides examples, such as naming FeCl3 as iron (III) chloride, to illustrate the need for accuracy in naming to reflect the chemical properties of compounds like copper and tin. The summary highlights the significance of proper nomenclature in chemistry.
7.7: Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
This page emphasizes the importance of proper nomenclature for accurate identification in fields like medicine and biology. It explains the naming convention for binary ionic compounds, which includes a metal cation followed by a nonmetal anion, using the suffix "-ide" for the nonmetal. The page notes that the overall charge of these compounds is neutral and that subscripts are unnecessary in the names, with examples such as potassium fluoride and sodium nitride provided.
7.8: Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
This page discusses shorthand as a method for recording speech with symbols, often used in dictation and legal settings. It highlights that different professions have specialized shorthand. Additionally, it explains the formula writing of binary ionic compounds, emphasizing that the metal ion precedes the nonmetal ion, and neutrality of charge is essential.
7.9: Polyatomic Ions
This page provides an overview of polyatomic ions, focusing on their composition, naming conventions, and common examples. It explains that most polyatomic ions are anions, typically named with the suffixes -ate or -ite, and discusses the use of prefixes per- and hypo-. It also mentions variations in charge and composition among polyatomic ions. The page concludes with exercises for practicing the writing of formulas and naming ions.
7.10: Ternary Ionic Compounds: Naming and Formulas
This page explains ternary ionic compounds, which include three elements, typically one cation and one anion. The naming convention is similar to binary compounds, with the cation mentioned first. It also describes the use of parentheses for multiple polyatomic ions and the importance of charge balance when writing formulas. Notably, it emphasizes unique behaviors of specific polyatomic ions like dimercury and peroxide.
7.11: Binary Molecular Compounds: Naming and Formulas
This page covers royal family naming conventions, noting the tradition of naming children after parents with numerical suffixes. It then contrasts ionic and molecular compounds, emphasizing that molecular compounds are formed by discrete molecules through covalent bonds. The text details the use of prefixes for indicating the number of atoms in binary molecular compounds, along with guidelines and examples for proper nomenclature.
7.12: Acids - Naming and Formulas
This page details a two-step acid test for gold, originating from the California gold rush, involving nitric acid and a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It defines acids, highlighting binary acids and oxoacids, and outlines naming conventions based on anion suffixes. Additionally, it provides rules for writing acid formulas to maintain electrical neutrality.
7.13: Bases: Naming and Formulas
This page discusses the historical process of soap making, which involved animal fats and lye, highlighting the importance of careful washing to ensure skin safety. It defines a base as an ionic compound producing hydroxide ions in water, with sodium hydroxide as a common example. The summary covers the naming conventions and formula writing for various bases.

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