1.
(a) Sc: [Ar]4
s
2
3
d
1
; (b) Ti: [Ar]4
s
2
3
d
2
; (c) Cr: [Ar]4
s
1
3
d
5
; (d) Fe: [Ar]4
s
2
3
d
6
; (e) Ru: [Kr]5
s
2
4
d
6
3.
(a) La: [Xe]6
s
2
5
d
1
, La
3
+
: [Xe]; (b) Sm: [Xe]6
s
2
4
f
6
, Sm
3
+
: [Xe]4
f
5
; (c) Lu: [Xe]6
s
2
4
f
14
5
d
1
, Lu
3
+
: [Xe]4
f
14
5.
Al is used because it is the strongest reducing agent and the only option listed that can provide sufficient driving force to convert La(III) into La.
9.
The CaSiO
3
slag is less dense than the molten iron, so it can easily be separated. Also, the floating slag layer creates a barrier that prevents the molten iron from exposure to O
2
, which would oxidize the Fe back to Fe
2
O
3
.
15.
E
° = −0.6 V,
E
° is negative so this reduction is not spontaneous.
E
° = +1.1 V
17.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
19.
(a)
(b)
(c) In acid solution between pH 2 and pH 6,
forms
which is in equilibrium with dichromate ion. The reaction is
At other acidic pHs, the reaction is
(d)
(e)
(f)
21.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
23.
As CN
−
is added,
As more CN
−
is added,
25.
(a) Sc
3+
; (b) Ti
4+
; (c) V
5+
; (d) Cr
6+
; (e) Mn
4+
; (f) Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
; (g) Co
2+
and Co
3+
; (h) Ni
2+
; (i) Cu
+
27.
(a) 4, [Zn(OH)
4
]
2−
; (b) 6, [Pd(CN)
6
]
2−
; (c) 2, [AuCl
2
]
−
; (d) 4, [Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
]; (e) 6, K[Cr(NH
3
)
2
Cl
4
]; (f) 6, [Co(NH
3
)
6
][Cr(CN)
6
]; (g) 6, [Co(en)
2
Br
2
]NO
3
29.
(a) [Pt(H
2
O)
2
Br
2
]:
(b) [Pt(NH
3
)(py)(Cl)(Br)]:
(c) [Zn(NH
3
)
3
Cl]
+
:
(d) [Pt(NH
3
)
3
Cl]
+
:
(e) [Ni(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]:
(f) [Co(C
2
O
4
)
2
Cl
2
]
3−
:
31.
(a) tricarbonatocobaltate(III) ion; (b) tetraaminecopper(II) ion; (c) tetraaminedibromocobalt(III) sulfate; (d) tetraamineplatinum(II) tetrachloroplatinate(II); (e)
tris-
(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) nitrate; (f) diaminedibromopalladium(II); (g) potassium pentachlorocuprate(II); (h) diaminedichlorozinc(II)
33.
(a) none; (b) none; (c) The two Cl ligands can be
cis
or
trans
. When they are
cis
, there will also be an optical isomer.
37.
39.
[Co(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
2
with three unpaired electrons.
41.
(a) 4; (b) 2; (c) 1; (d) 5; (e) 0
43.
(a) [Fe(CN)
6
]
4−
; (b) [Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
; (c) [Mn(CN)
6
]
4−
45.
The complex does not have any unpaired electrons. The complex does not have any geometric isomers, but the mirror image is nonsuperimposable, so it has an optical isomer.
47.
No. Au
+
has a complete 5
d
sublevel.