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actinide series
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(also, actinoid series) actinium and the elements in the second row or the
f
-block, atomic numbers 89–103
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bidentate ligand
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ligand that coordinates to one central metal through coordinate bonds from two different atoms
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central metal
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ion or atom to which one or more ligands is attached through coordinate covalent bonds
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chelate
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complex formed from a polydentate ligand attached to a central metal
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chelating ligand
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ligand that attaches to a central metal ion by bonds from two or more donor atoms
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cis
configuration
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configuration of a geometrical isomer in which two similar groups are on the same side of an imaginary reference line on the molecule
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coordination compound
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stable compound in which the central metal atom or ion acts as a Lewis acid and accepts one or more pairs of electrons
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coordination compound
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substance consisting of atoms, molecules, or ions attached to a central atom through Lewis acid-base interactions
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coordination number
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number of coordinate covalent bonds to the central metal atom in a complex or the number of closest contacts to an atom in a crystalline form
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coordination sphere
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central metal atom or ion plus the attached ligands of a complex
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crystal field splitting (Δ
oct
)
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difference in energy between the
t
2
g
and
e
g
sets or
t
and
e
sets of orbitals
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crystal field theory
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model that explains the energies of the orbitals in transition metals in terms of electrostatic interactions with the ligands but does not include metal ligand bonding
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d
-block element
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one of the elements in groups 3–11 with valence electrons in
d
orbitals
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donor atom
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atom in a ligand with a lone pair of electrons that forms a coordinate covalent bond to a central metal
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e
g
orbitals
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set of two
d
orbitals that are oriented on the Cartesian axes for coordination complexes; in octahedral complexes, they are higher in energy than the
t
2
g
orbitals
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f
-block element
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(also, inner transition element) one of the elements with atomic numbers 58–71 or 90–103 that have valence electrons in
f
orbitals; they are frequently shown offset below the periodic table
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first transition series
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transition elements in the fourth period of the periodic table (first row of the
d
-block), atomic numbers 21–29
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fourth transition series
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transition elements in the seventh period of the periodic table (fourth row of the
d
-block), atomic numbers 89 and 104–111
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geometric isomers
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isomers that differ in the way in which atoms are oriented in space relative to each other, leading to different physical and chemical properties
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high-spin complex
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complex in which the electrons maximize the total electron spin by singly populating all of the orbitals before pairing two electrons into the lower-energy orbitals
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hydrometallurgy
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process in which a metal is separated from a mixture by first converting it into soluble ions, extracting the ions, and then reducing the ions to precipitate the pure metal
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ionization isomer
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(or coordination isomer) isomer in which an anionic ligand is replaced by the counter ion in the inner coordination sphere
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lanthanide series
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(also, lanthanoid series) lanthanum and the elements in the first row or the
f
-block, atomic numbers 57–71
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ligand
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ion or neutral molecule attached to the central metal ion in a coordination compound
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linkage isomer
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coordination compound that possesses a ligand that can bind to the transition metal in two different ways (CN
−
vs. NC
−
)
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low-spin complex
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complex in which the electrons minimize the total electron spin by pairing in the lower-energy orbitals before populating the higher-energy orbitals
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monodentate
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ligand that attaches to a central metal through just one coordinate covalent bond
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optical isomer
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(also, enantiomer) molecule that is a nonsuperimposable mirror image with identical chemical and physical properties, except when it reacts with other optical isomers
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pairing energy (P)
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energy required to place two electrons with opposite spins into a single orbital
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platinum metals
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group of six transition metals consisting of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, and platinum that tend to occur in the same minerals and demonstrate similar chemical properties
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polydentate ligand
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ligand that is attached to a central metal ion by bonds from two or more donor atoms, named with prefixes specifying how many donors are present (e.g., hexadentate = six coordinate bonds formed)
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rare earth element
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collection of 17 elements including the lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium that often occur together and have similar chemical properties, making separation difficult
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second transition series
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transition elements in the fifth period of the periodic table (second row of the
d
-block), atomic numbers 39–47
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smelting
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process of extracting a pure metal from a molten ore
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spectrochemical series
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ranking of ligands according to the magnitude of the crystal field splitting they induce
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steel
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material made from iron by removing impurities in the iron and adding substances that produce alloys with properties suitable for specific uses
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strong-field ligand
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ligand that causes larger crystal field splittings
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superconductor
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material that conducts electricity with no resistance
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t
2
g
orbitals
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set of three
d
orbitals aligned between the Cartesian axes for coordination complexes; in octahedral complexes, they are lowered in energy compared to the
e
g
orbitals according to CFT
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third transition series
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transition elements in the sixth period of the periodic table (third row of the
d
-block), atomic numbers 57 and 72–79
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trans
configuration
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configuration of a geometrical isomer in which two similar groups are on opposite sides of an imaginary reference line on the molecule
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weak-field ligand
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ligand that causes small crystal field splittings
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