19.4: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 415294
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| Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| actinide series | (also, actinoid series) actinium and the elements in the second row or the f-block, atomic numbers 89–103 | ||||
| bidentate ligand | ligand that coordinates to one central metal through coordinate bonds from two different atoms | ||||
| central metal | ion or atom to which one or more ligands is attached through coordinate covalent bonds | ||||
| chelate | complex formed from a polydentate ligand attached to a central metal | ||||
| chelating ligand | ligand that attaches to a central metal ion by bonds from two or more donor atoms | ||||
| cis configuration | configuration of a geometrical isomer in which two similar groups are on the same side of an imaginary reference line on the molecule | ||||
| coordination compound | stable compound in which the central metal atom or ion acts as a Lewis acid and accepts one or more pairs of electrons | ||||
| coordination compound | substance consisting of atoms, molecules, or ions attached to a central atom through Lewis acid-base interactions | ||||
| coordination number | number of coordinate covalent bonds to the central metal atom in a complex or the number of closest contacts to an atom in a crystalline form | ||||
| coordination sphere | central metal atom or ion plus the attached ligands of a complex | ||||
| crystal field splitting (Δoct) | difference in energy between the t2g and eg sets or t and e sets of orbitals | ||||
| crystal field theory | model that explains the energies of the orbitals in transition metals in terms of electrostatic interactions with the ligands but does not include metal ligand bonding | ||||
| d-block element | one of the elements in groups 3–11 with valence electrons in d orbitals | ||||
| donor atom | atom in a ligand with a lone pair of electrons that forms a coordinate covalent bond to a central metal | ||||
| eg orbitals | set of two d orbitals that are oriented on the Cartesian axes for coordination complexes; in octahedral complexes, they are higher in energy than the t2g orbitals | ||||
| f-block element | (also, inner transition element) one of the elements with atomic numbers 58–71 or 90–103 that have valence electrons in f orbitals; they are frequently shown offset below the periodic table | ||||
| first transition series | transition elements in the fourth period of the periodic table (first row of the d-block), atomic numbers 21–29 | ||||
| fourth transition series | transition elements in the seventh period of the periodic table (fourth row of the d-block), atomic numbers 89 and 104–111 | ||||
| geometric isomers | isomers that differ in the way in which atoms are oriented in space relative to each other, leading to different physical and chemical properties | ||||
| high-spin complex | complex in which the electrons maximize the total electron spin by singly populating all of the orbitals before pairing two electrons into the lower-energy orbitals | ||||
| hydrometallurgy | process in which a metal is separated from a mixture by first converting it into soluble ions, extracting the ions, and then reducing the ions to precipitate the pure metal | ||||
| ionization isomer | (or coordination isomer) isomer in which an anionic ligand is replaced by the counter ion in the inner coordination sphere | ||||
| lanthanide series | (also, lanthanoid series) lanthanum and the elements in the first row or the f-block, atomic numbers 57–71 | ||||
| ligand | ion or neutral molecule attached to the central metal ion in a coordination compound | ||||
| linkage isomer | coordination compound that possesses a ligand that can bind to the transition metal in two different ways (CN− vs. NC−) | ||||
| low-spin complex | complex in which the electrons minimize the total electron spin by pairing in the lower-energy orbitals before populating the higher-energy orbitals | ||||
| monodentate | ligand that attaches to a central metal through just one coordinate covalent bond | ||||
| optical isomer | (also, enantiomer) molecule that is a nonsuperimposable mirror image with identical chemical and physical properties, except when it reacts with other optical isomers | ||||
| pairing energy (P) | energy required to place two electrons with opposite spins into a single orbital | ||||
| platinum metals | group of six transition metals consisting of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, and platinum that tend to occur in the same minerals and demonstrate similar chemical properties | ||||
| polydentate ligand | ligand that is attached to a central metal ion by bonds from two or more donor atoms, named with prefixes specifying how many donors are present (e.g., hexadentate = six coordinate bonds formed) | ||||
| rare earth element | collection of 17 elements including the lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium that often occur together and have similar chemical properties, making separation difficult | ||||
| second transition series | transition elements in the fifth period of the periodic table (second row of the d-block), atomic numbers 39–47 | ||||
| smelting | process of extracting a pure metal from a molten ore | ||||
| spectrochemical series | ranking of ligands according to the magnitude of the crystal field splitting they induce | ||||
| steel | material made from iron by removing impurities in the iron and adding substances that produce alloys with properties suitable for specific uses | ||||
| strong-field ligand | ligand that causes larger crystal field splittings | ||||
| superconductor | material that conducts electricity with no resistance | ||||
| t2g orbitals | set of three d orbitals aligned between the Cartesian axes for coordination complexes; in octahedral complexes, they are lowered in energy compared to the eg orbitals according to CFT | ||||
| third transition series | transition elements in the sixth period of the periodic table (third row of the d-block), atomic numbers 57 and 72–79 | ||||
| trans configuration | configuration of a geometrical isomer in which two similar groups are on opposite sides of an imaginary reference line on the molecule | ||||
| weak-field ligand | ligand that causes small crystal field splittings |