18.13: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 415287
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- acid anhydride
- compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution
- alkaline earth metal
- any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides
- allotropes
- two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures
- amorphous
- solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal
- base anhydride
- metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids
- bicarbonate anion
- salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion,
- bismuth
- heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals
- borate
- compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure
- carbonate
- salt of the anion often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases
- chemical reduction
- method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent
- chlor-alkali process
- electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide
- disproportionation reaction
- chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent
- Downs cell
- electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride
- Frasch process
- important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits
- Haber process
- main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures
- halide
- compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F−; chloride, Cl−; bromide, Br−; and iodide, I−)
- Hall–Héroult cell
- electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite
- hydrogen carbonate
- salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion
- hydrogen halide
- binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
- hydrogen sulfate
- ion
- hydrogen sulfite
- ion
- hydrogenation
- addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound
- hydroxide
- compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− or the group −OH
- interhalogen
- compound formed from two or more different halogens
- metal (representative)
- atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals
- metalloid
- element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors
- nitrate
- ion; salt of nitric acid
- nitrogen fixation
- formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen
- Ostwald process
- industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid
- oxide
- binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O
- ozone
- allotrope of oxygen; O3
- passivation
- metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity
- peroxide
- molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion,
- photosynthesis
- process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy
- Pidgeon process
- chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon
- polymorph
- variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound
- representative element
- element where the s and p orbitals are filling
- representative metal
- metal among the representative elements
- silicate
- compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three-dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds
- sulfate
- ion
- sulfite
- ion
- superoxide
- oxide containing the anion