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acid anhydride
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compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution
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alkaline earth metal
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any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides
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allotropes
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two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures
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amorphous
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solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal
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base anhydride
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metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids
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bicarbonate anion
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salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion,
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bismuth
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heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals
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borate
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compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure
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carbonate
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salt of the anion often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases
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chemical reduction
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method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent
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chlor-alkali process
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electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide
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disproportionation reaction
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chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent
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Downs cell
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electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride
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Frasch process
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important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits
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Haber process
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main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures
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halide
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compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F
−
; chloride, Cl
−
; bromide, Br
−
; and iodide, I
−
)
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Hall–Héroult cell
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electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite
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hydrogen carbonate
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salt of carbonic acid, H
2
CO
3
(containing the anion in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as
bicarbonate ion
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hydrogen halide
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binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
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hydrogen sulfate
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ion
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hydrogen sulfite
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ion
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hydrogenation
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addition of hydrogen (H
2
) to reduce a compound
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hydroxide
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compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH
−
or the group −OH
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interhalogen
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compound formed from two or more different halogens
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metal (representative)
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atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer
s
or
p
orbitals
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metalloid
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element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors
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nitrate
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ion; salt of nitric acid
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nitrogen fixation
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formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen
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Ostwald process
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industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid
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oxide
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binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O
2−
ions or the group –O– or =O
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ozone
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allotrope of oxygen; O
3
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passivation
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metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity
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peroxide
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molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion,
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photosynthesis
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process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy
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Pidgeon process
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chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon
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polymorph
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variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound
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representative element
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element where the
s
and
p
orbitals are filling
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representative metal
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metal among the representative elements
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silicate
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compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three-dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds
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sulfate
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ion
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sulfite
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ion
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superoxide
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oxide containing the anion
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