Key Equations

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\(
\begin{aligned}
& \Delta S=\frac{q_{\text {rev }}}{T} \\[6pt]
& S=k \ln W \\[6pt]
& \Delta S=k \ln \frac{W_{\mathrm{f}}}{W_{\mathrm{i}}} \\[6pt]
& \Delta S^{\circ}=\sum \nu S^{\circ} \text { (products) }-\sum \nu S^{\circ}(\text { reactants }) \\[6pt]
& \Delta S=\frac{q_{\text {rev }}}{T} \\[6pt]
& \Delta S_{\text {univ }}=\Delta S_{\text {sys }}+\Delta S_{\text {surr }} \\[6pt]
& \Delta S_{\text {univ }}=\Delta S_{\text {sys }}+\Delta S_{\text {surr }}=\Delta S_{\text {sys }}+\frac{q_{\text {surr }}}{T} \\[6pt]
& \Delta G=\Delta H-T \Delta S
\end{aligned}
\)

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