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alloy
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solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements
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amphiphilic
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molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts
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boiling point elevation
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elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute
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boiling point elevation constant
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the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant
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colligative property
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property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species
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colloid
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(also, colloidal dispersion) mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid
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crenation
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process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis
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dispersed phase
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substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid
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dispersion medium
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solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed
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dissociation
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physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution
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electrolyte
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substance that produces ions when dissolved in water
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emulsifying agent
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amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions
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emulsion
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colloid formed from immiscible liquids
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freezing point depression
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lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute
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freezing point depression constant
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(also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality
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gel
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colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid
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hemolysis
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rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis
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Henry’s law
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the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution
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hypertonic
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of greater osmotic pressure
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hypotonic
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of less osmotic pressure
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ideal solution
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solution that forms with no accompanying energy change
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immiscible
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of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
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ion pair
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solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction
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ion-dipole attraction
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electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
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isotonic
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of equal osmotic pressure
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miscible
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mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances
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molality (
m
)
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a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms
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nonelectrolyte
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substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water
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osmosis
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diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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osmotic pressure (
Π
)
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opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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partially miscible
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of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
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Raoult’s law
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the relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components
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saturated
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of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure
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semipermeable membrane
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a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules
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solubility
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extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
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solvation
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exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established
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spontaneous process
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physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source
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strong electrolyte
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substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water
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supersaturated
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of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state
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suspension
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heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large component particles are temporarily dispersed but settle out over time
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Tyndall effect
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scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion
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unsaturated
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of concentration less than solubility
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van’t Hoff factor (
i
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the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution
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weak electrolyte
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substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water
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