8.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 415189
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
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(Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
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antibonding orbital | molecular orbital located outside of the region between two nuclei; electrons in an antibonding orbital destabilize the molecule | ||||
bond order | number of pairs of electrons between two atoms; it can be found by the number of bonds in a Lewis structure or by the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons divided by two | ||||
bonding orbital | molecular orbital located between two nuclei; electrons in a bonding orbital stabilize a molecule | ||||
degenerate orbitals | orbitals that have the same energy | ||||
diamagnetism | phenomenon in which a material is not magnetic itself but is repelled by a magnetic field; it occurs when there are only paired electrons present | ||||
homonuclear diatomic molecule | molecule consisting of two identical atoms | ||||
hybrid orbital | orbital created by combining atomic orbitals on a central atom | ||||
hybridization | model that describes the changes in the atomic orbitals of an atom when it forms a covalent compound | ||||
linear combination of atomic orbitals | technique for combining atomic orbitals to create molecular orbitals | ||||
molecular orbital | region of space in which an electron has a high probability of being found in a molecule | ||||
molecular orbital diagram | visual representation of the relative energy levels of molecular orbitals | ||||
molecular orbital theory | model that describes the behavior of electrons delocalized throughout a molecule in terms of the combination of atomic wave functions | ||||
node | plane separating different lobes of orbitals, where the probability of finding an electron is zero | ||||
overlap | coexistence of orbitals from two different atoms sharing the same region of space, leading to the formation of a covalent bond | ||||
paramagnetism | phenomenon in which a material is not magnetic itself but is attracted to a magnetic field; it occurs when there are unpaired electrons present | ||||
pi bond (π bond) | covalent bond formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals; the electron density is found on opposite sides of the internuclear axis | ||||
s-p mixing | change that causes σp orbitals to be less stable than πp orbitals due to the mixing of s and p-based molecular orbitals of similar energies. | ||||
sigma bond (σ bond) | covalent bond formed by overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis | ||||
sp hybrid orbital | one of a set of two orbitals with a linear arrangement that results from combining one s and one p orbital | ||||
sp2 hybrid orbital | one of a set of three orbitals with a trigonal planar arrangement that results from combining one s and two p orbitals | ||||
sp3 hybrid orbital | one of a set of four orbitals with a tetrahedral arrangement that results from combining one s and three p orbitals | ||||
sp3d hybrid orbital | one of a set of five orbitals with a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and one d orbital | ||||
sp3d2 hybrid orbital | one of a set of six orbitals with an octahedral arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and two d orbitals | ||||
valence bond theory | description of bonding that involves atomic orbitals overlapping to form σ or π bonds, within which pairs of electrons are shared | ||||
π bonding orbital | molecular orbital formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals, in which the electron density is found on opposite sides of the internuclear axis | ||||
π* bonding orbital | antibonding molecular orbital formed by out of phase side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals, in which the electron density is found on both sides of the internuclear axis, and there is a node between the nuclei | ||||
σ bonding orbital | molecular orbital in which the electron density is found along the axis of the bond | ||||
σ* bonding orbital | antibonding molecular orbital formed by out-of-phase overlap of atomic orbital along the axis of the bond, generating a node between the nuclei |